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DIPLOID-HAPLOID CYCLE. "The sporophyte generation is called dioecious when each sporophyte has only one kind of spore-producing organ whose spores ultimately give rise to either all male gametes (sperm) or all female gametes (eggs)." https://lnkd.in/gJcDDvC View in LinkedIn

ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS. "Land plants have alternation of generations, for which the sporophyte generation produces spores rather than gametes. Strictly speaking, the sporophytes of land plants do not have either male or female reproductive organs. The gametophytes of flowering plants are of a single sex; the male gametophytes are contained within the pollen, and the female gametophytes are contained within ovules." https://lnkd.in/gJcDDvC View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS our venture into new thinking on the concept of a pathogen, concurrent with new thinking on how many systems interact and collaborate in balance and out of balance. We are in a new age that forces us to consider context and co-evolution more seriously than before, and this is particularly important in the thinking about health and disease. View in LinkedIn

NEW VISTAS. “A major conceptual issue concerns the gap between the “pathogen focused” culture of a vast majority of pathologists, and the ecological concepts necessary to tackle microorganism communities as a whole.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

AVOIDING INBREEDING. "The evolution of unisexual systems has often been related to the fact that outcrossing avoids the consequences of inbreeding depression." https://lnkd.in/g_fheyF View in LinkedIn

NEW PATHOGEN CONCEPT. “New sequencing technologies have shifted the study focus from the organism to the community of pathogens and other microbes within their environment. Such an expanded point of view results in a paradigm shift, in that the “pathogen” is no longer understood to be a single isolated organism.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

SEXUAL SELECTION. Darwin "proposed that sexual selection resulting from variation among individuals in mating success could explain the evolution of sexual dimorphism, and distinguished two fundamentally different types: intrasexual competition among individuals of one sex for mates, and intersexual selection or ‘mate choice’ resulting from the preferences of one sex for traits of the other." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

HYBRID SYMBIONTS. “These interactions may ultimately lead to the occurrence of new, more virulent variants, or even to the emergence of new diseases due to the combination of synergistic/antagonist phenomena between different pathogens and non-pathogens (fungal, bacterial, or viral) in mixed or reconstructed communities.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC TRAP. "Inherited epigenetic variation could also be maladaptive, becoming an epigenetic trap. This is because environmental sex determination can alter sex ratios by increasing the survival of one of the sexes at the expense of negative fitness consequences for the other, which could lead not only to the collapse of natural populations, but also have an impact in farmed animal and plant species."" "DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600058 View in LinkedIn

COLLABORATING PARTIES. “Pioneering studies have recently generated insights into interactions occurring within the pathogen-host-microbiome “ménage à trois” but in-depth analyses are necessary to better understand the impact of selective pressures on the interactions between the three players, which can result in the pathogen acquiring new functions by horizontal gene transfer or convergent evolution.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn