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TIME. "Our results also show that contrasting forces act on the genomes of dioecious plants, and suggest that some time is required before the genome of such plants bears the footprints of dioecy." https://lnkd.in/gRVz_Qd View in LinkedIn

EXTREMOPHYLE SYMBIOSES. “In extreme environments, such as in geothermal soils in Yellowstone National Park, evolution has selected plants that harbor fungal endophytes infected with a virus, and all three partners are required for thermal tolerance of the system.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

NUANCED EXPLANATION. "The traits usually associated with dioecy, that is, an arborescent growth form, abiotic pollination, fleshy fruits or a tropical distribution, do not influence the diversification rate. Rather than a low diversification rate, the observed species richness patterns of dioecious clades seem to be better explained by a low transition rate to dioecy and frequent losses." https://lnkd.in/gGPGHvb View in LinkedIn

DEAD END REFUTED. "Here, we present a new data set that was obtained by searching the phylogenetic literature on more than 600 completely dioecious angiosperm genera and identifying 115 sister clade pairs for which dioecy is likely to be derived (including > 50% of the dioecious species). Applying the new sister clade test to this new dataset, we confirm the preliminary result that dioecy is associated with an increased diversification rate, a result that does not support the idea that dioecy is an evolutionary dead end in angiosperms." https://lnkd.in/gGPGHvb View in LinkedIn

IMPORTANT FOOTNOTE. "Dioecy is associated with higher diversification rates in flowering plants. However, it is crucial for this new test to distinguish between ancestral and derived cases of dioecy, a criterion that was not taken into account in the available data set." https://lnkd.in/gGPGHvb View in LinkedIn

LESS DIVERSIFICATION. "In angiosperms, dioecious clades tend to have fewer species than their nondioecious sister clades. This departure from the expected equal species richness in the standard sister clade test has been interpreted as implying that dioecious clades diversify less and has initiated a series of studies suggesting that dioecy might be an 'evolutionary dead end'." https://lnkd.in/gGPGHvb View in LinkedIn

SEX DETERMINATION. "Epigenetic control and hormonal influence of sex determination were elucidated in both plants and animals." https://lnkd.in/g9AcjQt View in LinkedIn

MAJOR CHANGE. "Sex determination is a major switch in the evolutionary history of angiosperms. Sex chromosomes reinforce dioecy and increase genetic diversity." https://lnkd.in/g9AcjQt View in LinkedIn

PREVALENT. "Sexual dimorphism is prevalent among dioecious species." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

DESPITE THE RISKS. "Separating sexual function between different individuals carries risks, especially for sedentary organisms. Nevertheless, many land plants have unisexual gametophytes or sporophytes." https://lnkd.in/griFcgZ View in LinkedIn