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ROADS TO DIOECY. "There are three possible routes to dioecy: from a hermaphridite, via monoecy, and via distyly." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

SKEWED SEX RATIO. "The sex ratios of dioecious populations commonly deviate from the equilibrium expectation of the 1:1 primary sex ratio predicted by Fisherian theory." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

FLOWER DISTRIBUTION AND WIND. "The distribution of flowers is also important and male flowers tend to be borne on slender branches with female flowers on large, more rigid branches." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

KNOCK-ON CONSEQUENCES. "Sexual dimorphism can have ecological consequences, reinforcing, and perhaps also promoting, secondary sexual divergence." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

FLOWER STRUCTURE AND WIND. "In wind pollinated plants (where there is a strong correlation with dioecy), sexual specialization of male and female flowers is common. Staminate flowers are often borne on long, pendulous and flexible in inflorescences which aid pollen dispersal, while female flowers and in inflorescences are generally more rigid and have feathery stigmas." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

SCENT SEXUAL SELECTION. "Based on a survey of 33 gender-dimorphic species, Ashman (2009) found that in the majority of species male plants emitted more volatiles per flower than females, a result consistent with sexual selection." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

FORM MATCHES FUNCTION. "The structure of the flower is clearly important in relation to pollen distribution and reception and in many hermaphroditic plant species flowers have evolved dramatically to suit particular pollination mechanisms." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

SCENT DIMORPHISM. "There is a growing literature on the role of floral fragrance in pollinator attraction, raising the question of whether sexual dimorphism in floral scent occurs in dioecious species." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

OUTCROSSING MECHANISMS. "The mechanisms in plants which promote outcrossing include the temporal separation of the maturation of the male and female organs within an otherwise perfect flower (dichogamy); self-incompatibility mechanisms, both sporophytic and gametophytic, where there is genetic control over the possible fertilization events, and dioecy, the spatial separation of the sexual organs on separate plants." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

FLOWER PATTERNS. "In plants, flower pattern has been modified in a number of ways such that sexual reproduction involving outcrossing, and the consequent flow of genetic variation derived from mutation, is favoured (Darwin, 1876)." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn