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FRUIT PLANT SEX BIAS. "This observation leads to the prediction that long-lived dioecious species that experience repeated episodes of reproduction should be more likely to develop male-biased sex ratios. Such effects may be especially strong in species with a large maternal investment in costly fleshy fruits, a common correlate of dioecy." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

SEXUAL SEGREGATION. "Many sexually dimorphic characters, including both vegetative and flowering traits, are associated with differences in the costs of reproduction, which are usually greater in females, particularly in longer-lived species. These differences can influence the frequency and distribution of females and males across resource gradients and within heterogeneous environments, causing niche differences and the spatial segregation of the sexes." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

HIGHER FEMALE MORTALITY. "The frequent occurrence of male-biased sex ratios is likely to be associated with the greater reproductive investment of females, as this commonly results in the earlier onset and more frequent flowering of males and the greater mortality of females." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

MALE BIAS. "A recent survey of flowering sex ratios among angiosperm families revealed that about half showed significant deviations from equality, with male bias almost twice as common as female bias." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

ROADS TO DIOECY. "There are three possible routes to dioecy: from a hermaphridite, via monoecy, and via distyly." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

SKEWED SEX RATIO. "The sex ratios of dioecious populations commonly deviate from the equilibrium expectation of the 1:1 primary sex ratio predicted by Fisherian theory." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

FLOWER DISTRIBUTION AND WIND. "The distribution of flowers is also important and male flowers tend to be borne on slender branches with female flowers on large, more rigid branches." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

KNOCK-ON CONSEQUENCES. "Sexual dimorphism can have ecological consequences, reinforcing, and perhaps also promoting, secondary sexual divergence." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn

FLOWER STRUCTURE AND WIND. "In wind pollinated plants (where there is a strong correlation with dioecy), sexual specialization of male and female flowers is common. Staminate flowers are often borne on long, pendulous and flexible in inflorescences which aid pollen dispersal, while female flowers and in inflorescences are generally more rigid and have feathery stigmas." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

SCENT SEXUAL SELECTION. "Based on a survey of 33 gender-dimorphic species, Ashman (2009) found that in the majority of species male plants emitted more volatiles per flower than females, a result consistent with sexual selection." https://lnkd.in/ge7JD6J View in LinkedIn