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SAME LINEAGE CONFIRMED. “Our genomes from Barcelona, Bolgar City, and Ellwangen group on the same phylogenetic branch (Branch 1), adding further legitimacy to the notion that the Black Death and subsequent plague outbreaks in Europe, as well as the worldwide third pandemic, were caused by the same Y. pestis lineage.” https://lnkd.in/g9Pgxuv View in LinkedIn

GENOME SEQUENCING. “Following the success of previous genomic investigations of ancient bacterial disease, we employ similar methods of DNA capture and high-throughput sequencing to retrieve the genomes of three historical Y. pestis strains.” https://lnkd.in/g9Pgxuv View in LinkedIn

PERSISTENCE. “Third, we take a further step toward understanding the relationship of post-Black Death outbreaks in Europe and evaluate the likelihood of a local reservoir.’ https://lnkd.in/g9Pgxuv View in LinkedIn

SPREAD. “Second, we evaluate the likelihood of the proposed eastward migration of strains from Europe to Asia after the Black Death through the analysis of human remains from a 14th century plague burial in the Volga region of Russia.” https://lnkd.in/g9Pgxuv View in LinkedIn

SOURCE. “Here, we aim to address three outstanding questions regarding Y. pestis history. First, we investigate the possibility of disease entry via multiple pulses during the Black Death by comparing the genotype of a strain from the pandemic’s early phase to those circulating in other areas later in the pandemic.” https://lnkd.in/g9Pgxuv View in LinkedIn

PLAGUE PERSISTENCE. “After the Black Death, plague continued to strike Europe for another four centuries through subsequent outbreaks that ceased at the end of the 18th century. The reasons for its sudden disappearance in Europe are unknown. Sylvatic plague foci have a nearly worldwide presence today, but are absent in Europe.” https://lnkd.in/g9Pgxuv View in LinkedIn

PLANT SEX CHROMOSOMES. "Although sex chromosomes have been claimed for nearly a hundred plant species, the number of authenticated sex chromosome systems is at least an order of magnitude smaller." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

DARK ART. “Alongside shaken religious faith, European culture was devastated. With the prevalence of unexpected death, the masses realized death’s inevitability. Art in the years following the pandemic exemplified this mindset by showing its grim influence. Artists coped with the devastation by creating works featuring a new dark genre: the Dance of Death, or Danse Macabre.” https://lnkd.in/gyBNmBb View in LinkedIn

LIMITING RECOMBINATION PAIRS. "In a small number of plant species the transition from hermaphroditism has been followed by the evolution of sex chromosomes, which presumably have evolved as a consequences of the need to limit recombination between the different sex determining genes." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. “The effects of the pandemic immediately impacted people's religious beliefs, allowing for religious exploration. These religious implications and the resulting willingness of people to question standard Catholic doctrine were contributing factors in the emergence of Martin Luther’s protestant reformation in the early 16th century, along with other religious movements.” https://lnkd.in/gyBNmBb View in LinkedIn