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MOST LIKELY ROAD TO DIOECY. "Gynodioecy in plants is far more common than androdioecy and must be considered to be a more likely intermediate step to dioecy than is androdioecy. Dioecious species commonly have gynodioecious relatives." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

LIKELY ROADS. "It is far more likely that dioecy has evolved through gynodioecy as an intermediate (the coexistence of females and hermaphrodites) or through androdioecy (the coexistence of males and hermaphrodites). In both cases, the initial step is the establishment of a single mutant form." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS the vignette on the black death. This apocalyptic plague killed more people than any other in human history. It also destroyed the feudal system, significantly weakened Catholicism, brought better living conditions for the average person, and paved the way for the Renaissance. And it was a selective pressure that weeded out the frail and selected for a stringer genotype that would fare better in future outbreaks and left its mark in the human genome. https://lnkd.in/ganfYRw View in LinkedIn

PAVING WAY FOR THE RENAISSANCE. “The consequences of the Black Death pandemic allowed for explorations to occur that contributed to Europe’s emergence into the Renaissance, a turning point in Western thought defined by the revivals of Greek and Roman art and philosophy and by the exploration of ideas. The pandemic greatly contributed to the transformation of Europe’s economic and social systems.” https://lnkd.in/gyBNmBb View in LinkedIn

PLANT SEX CHROMOSOMES. "Although sex chromosomes have been claimed for nearly a hundred plant species, the number of authenticated sex chromosome systems is at least an order of magnitude smaller." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

DARK ART. “Alongside shaken religious faith, European culture was devastated. With the prevalence of unexpected death, the masses realized death’s inevitability. Art in the years following the pandemic exemplified this mindset by showing its grim influence. Artists coped with the devastation by creating works featuring a new dark genre: the Dance of Death, or Danse Macabre.” https://lnkd.in/gyBNmBb View in LinkedIn

LIMITING RECOMBINATION PAIRS. "In a small number of plant species the transition from hermaphroditism has been followed by the evolution of sex chromosomes, which presumably have evolved as a consequences of the need to limit recombination between the different sex determining genes." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. “The effects of the pandemic immediately impacted people's religious beliefs, allowing for religious exploration. These religious implications and the resulting willingness of people to question standard Catholic doctrine were contributing factors in the emergence of Martin Luther’s protestant reformation in the early 16th century, along with other religious movements.” https://lnkd.in/gyBNmBb View in LinkedIn

REPEAT EVOLUTIONS. "Dioecy is considered by Charlesworth and Guttman (1999) to have evolved more than 100 times to account for the 160 plant families which include dioecious species." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

“MEDICAL PRACTICE and health protocols improved after the pandemic. While medical practice was still outlawed for those not affiliated with the Church, more people turned to independent practitioners, allowing exploration into treatments extending beyond Church doctrine. Governments followed suit with many European governments creating efficient public health protocols.” https://lnkd.in/gyBNmBb View in LinkedIn