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AVOIDANCE OF INBREEDING. "Among the sexual strategies to avoid inbreeding in flowering plants, sexual dimorphism promotes the evolution of dioecy." https://lnkd.in/e8CyHKf View in LinkedIn

INCOMPLETE JOURNEY. “Viruses have clearly shaped our basic blueprint and are not through with us yet. Viruses are attempting to modify our species in a way that could lead to new human beings.” https://lnkd.in/guhpmyR View in LinkedIn

SPECIAL CASE OF THE FIG. "Mechanisms ensuring the evolutionary stability of dioecious fig–pollinator mutualisms, in which female fig trees engage in pollination by deceit resulting in zero reproductive success of pollinators that visit them, are poorly understood." https://lnkd.in/e8CyHKf View in LinkedIn

SEX RATIO SKEW. "Data suggest that males will generally be less sensitive to increased aridity than co-occurring females and, consequently, extreme male-biased sex ratios are possible in a significant number of populations. The effects of male-biased sex ratios are likely to cascade to dependent community members, especially those that are specialized on one sex." https://lnkd.in/e_imfDq View in LinkedIn

VULNERABILITIES. "Dioecious species may be especially vulnerable to climate change given that they often exhibit spatial segregation of the sexes, reinforced by physiological and morphological specialization of each sex to different microhabitats. In dimorphic species, the overexpression of a trait by one gender versus the other may become suppressed in future climates." https://lnkd.in/e_imfDq View in LinkedIn

BRYOPHYTE REPRODUCTION. "Roughly half of the species of bryophytes have separate sexes (dioecious) and half are hermaphroditic (monoecious). This variation has major consequences for the ecology and evolution of the different species." https://lnkd.in/e45yqVZ View in LinkedIn

COSTS OF REPRODUCTION. "A central tenet of life history theory is that reproduction negatively impacts survival. For example, field-based studies in both brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei) and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) have shown that even a single reproductive event can significantly reduce survival." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

OVOTESTIS. "The mangrove rivulus is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, possessing both ovarian and testicular tissue in a single ovotestis, and is one of two known self-fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrates, the other being its sister species K. hermaphroditus." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY BALANCE. "Mangrove rivulus fish "populations consist of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and males. Hermaphrodites transition into males under certain environmental conditions. Our findings suggest that there are major differences between the sexes in energy allocation, with hermaphrodites exhibiting elevated maximum metabolic rates, and showing evidence of favoring investments in reproductive tissues over somatic growth." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

FITNESS CALCULATION. "To maximize reproductive success, many animal species have evolved functional sex change. Theory predicts that transitions between sexes should occur when the fitness payoff of the current sex is exceeded by the fitness payoff of the opposite sex." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn