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DOUBLING AND ERRORS. "Polyploids have been found to be derived from chromosome doubling in somatic cells, or more frequently come from sexual functioning of cytologically unreduced gametes (errors during meiosis)." http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Mueller,%20Marissa%20Thesis.pdf View in LinkedIn

PLOIDY MIXES. "It is hypothesized that diploid colonies are always a part of variable tetraploid populations as the populations are characterized to have frequent sexual reproduction that only diploid species are capable of in nature." https://lnkd.in/etn6Uea View in LinkedIn

POLYPLOID GRASSES. "Studying the grass family is extremely powerful in research for multiple reasons. With 80% of its species being polyploid, grasses are an ideal system to study as it may yield knowledge for understanding ploidy levels. This family is similarly the only large family where having a high frequency of polyploids has been a successful strategy throughout the family." http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Mueller,%20Marissa%20Thesis.pdf View in LinkedIn

BUMPY TRANSITION PHASE. "When initially creating a polyploid species there is a negative association of reproductive success that occurs which leaves species in distress. The initial phase (1st few generations) following polyploidy has been suggested to bottle-neck some species or cause decreased genetic variation and diversity so that specific genes are eliminated." https://lnkd.in/etn6Uea View in LinkedIn

COUNTER-ARGUMENTS. "There have also been oppositions to the hypothesis that polyploidy events contribute to diversification. There have been plants (angiosperms, ferns, etc.) that have no evidence of increasing speciation due to polyploidization. It has also been suggested that polyploid lineages will have lower speciation rates that contribute to higher extinction rates in comparison to diploid lineages." https://lnkd.in/etn6Uea View in LinkedIn

RESTRUCTURING GENOME. "Once a WGD has occurred there is swift and extensive restructuring of the genome. The most obvious effect being the changes in chromosome number as well as structure of the chromosomes (through translocations or deletions). The genome restructuring may further enhance changes in phenotype as gene expression and dosage are recalibrated through epigenetic processes." (WGD = whole genome duplication). https://lnkd.in/etn6Uea View in LinkedIn

POLYPLOIDIZATION. "When combining genetically distinct parents that belong to different species or genera, hybrid offspring contain the genetic material of both parents. These hybrid offspring contain twice the number of genes and other genomic structures found in the parent taxa and the two genomes must work together." https://lnkd.in/etn6Uea View in LinkedIn

HYBRIDIZATION. "Polyploidization causes a group of genetic changes that include: changes in gene expression, gene loss, epigenetic release of transposons, and morphological and physical changes. This is because when combining genetically distinct parents that belong to different species or genera, hybrid offspring contain the genetic material of both parents." https://lnkd.in/etn6Uea View in LinkedIn

NOT THERE YET. "Our results further demonstrate that to better understand the evolutionary processes involved, more sophisticated methods and extensive and detailed data sets are required for both broad and focused inquiry." http://www.amjbot.org/content/103/7/1223.short View in LinkedIn

PLOIDY AND REPRODUCTION. "We conclude that the long-hypothesized connection between ploidy and sexual system holds in some clades, although it may well be affected by factors that differ from clade to clade." http://www.amjbot.org/content/103/7/1223.short View in LinkedIn