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SEX DIFFERENCES. "Meiotic drive systems are often entirely distinct between males and females and may be a primary cause of haploid selection." https://lnkd.in/e2tp_G5 View in LinkedIn

ANIMALS VS PLANTS. "Models point to a role of sex differences in selection during the haploid phase. Whilst a viable explanation in plants, there is little empirical support for this in animals, in which meiosis in females is only completed after fertilisation, so there is no true haploid phase, and the small number of expressed genes in sperm." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

UNEQUAL RECOMBINATION. "More intriguing are the quantitative differences between males and females, known as heterochiasmy, which are found in many taxa, but whose mechanistic and evolutionary drivers are not yet fully understood." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

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GENETIC FRESHNESS. "Sexual reproduction must offer significant fitness advantages to a species because despite the two-fold cost of sex, it dominates among multicellular forms of life, implying that the fitness of offspring produced outweighs the costs. Sexual reproduction derives from recombination, where parent genotypes are reorganized and shared with the offspring. This stands in contrast to single-parent asexual replication, where the offspring is identical to the parents. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction#Two-fold_cost_of_sex View in LinkedIn

HEMIZYGOSITY. "Meiotic recombination establishes connections between homologous chromosomes to promote segregation. Hemizygous regions of sex chromosomes have no homologous chromosome to recombine with yet must be transmitted through meiosis. An extreme case of hemizygosity exists in the genus Caenorhabditis, where males have a single X chromosome that completely lacks a homologous partner." https://lnkd.in/evK6USz View in LinkedIn

ISOGAMY. "There are numerous species which are sexual and do not have this problem because they do not produce males or females. Yeast, for example, are isogamous sexual organisms which have two mating types which fuse and recombine their haploid genomes. Both sexes reproduce during the haploid and diploid stages of their life cycle and have a 100% chance of passing their genes into their offspring." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction#Two-fold_cost_of_sex View in LinkedIn

“FAST REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES (R STRATEGIES) are used by mice and rabbits to make many offspring quickly. Typically, these organisms are small, live short lives and rapidly come to sexual maturity. Their numerous offspring are swiftly independent, with low survivorship.” https://lnkd.in/e3_feD9 View in LinkedIn

ANISOGAMY. "It is widely believed that a disadvantage of sexual reproduction is that a sexually reproducing organism will only be able to pass on 50% of its genes to each offspring. This is a consequence of the fact that gametes from sexually reproducing species are haploid. This, however, conflates sex and reproduction which are two separate events. The "two-fold cost of sex" may more accurately be described as the cost of anisogamy. Not all sexual organisms are anisogamous." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction#Two-fold_cost_of_sex View in LinkedIn