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HYPOTHESIS VINDICATED. “Synthesis of the Elements in Stars, by Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and Hoyle. Forty years later. “Their review provided a foundation for forty years of research in all of the aspects of low energy nuclear experiments and theory, stellar modeling over a wide range of mass and composition, and abundance studies of many hundreds of stars, many of which have shown distinct evidence of the processes suggested by B2FH.” https://lnkd.in/e7NpupH View in LinkedIn

EFFICIENCY CAUSES MODULARITY. "This paper supports the hypothesis that selection to reduce connection costs causes modularity, even in unchanging environments.” https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

DIRECT SELECTION OF EFFICIENCY. "Although most hypotheses assume indirect selection for evolvability, here we demonstrate that the ubiquitous, direct selection pressure to reduce the cost of connections between network nodes causes the emergence of modular networks." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

COST MINIMIZATION. "The strongest evidence that biological networks face direct selection to minimize connection costs comes from the vascular system and from nervous systems, including the brain, where multiple studies suggest that the summed length of the wiring diagram has been minimized, either by reducing long connections or by optimizing the placement of neurons." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

COSTS OF PROTEIN CHANGE. "Adding more protein–protein interactions to a system may become increasingly difficult as more of the remaining surface area is taken up by other binding interactions." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

COSTS OF SIGNAL CHANGE. "Adding more connections in a signalling pathway might delay the time that it takes to output a critical response; adding regulation of a gene via more transcription factors may be difficult or impossible after a certain number of proximal DNA binding sites are occupied, and increases the time and material required for genome replication and regulation." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn

PROTEIN-CODING SELECTION. "Genes encoding putative effector proteins and secondary metabolite biosynthetic enzymes show evidence of positive selection acting on the coding sequence, consistent with an Arms Race model of evolution." https://lnkd.in/dPT523x View in LinkedIn

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SELECTION ACROSS GENOME. "In this study, we analyzed genome-wide patterns of selection acting on different classes of sequences in a worldwide sample of eight strains of the model plant-pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. We found evidence of selective sweeps, balancing selection, and positive selection affecting both protein-coding and noncoding DNA of pathogenicity-related sequences." https://lnkd.in/dPT523x View in LinkedIn

NETWORK COSTS. "Such costs include manufacturing connections, maintaining them, the energy to transmit along them and signal delays, all of which increase as a function of connection length and number." https://lnkd.in/eX5AfaH View in LinkedIn