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BACTERIAL GENE SWAPS. “The genomes of individuals within such a species would thus resemble each other because of frequent exchange of genes and parts of genes via a common gene pool and not (except indirectly) because they share a common ancestor.” https://lnkd.in/djKBnru View in LinkedIn

BUSH NOT TREE. “A study of conserved loci in bacterial pathogens, conclude for lineages within a species that “over the long term, the impact of relatively frequent recombination is to obliterate the phylogenetic signal in gene trees such that the relationships between major lineages of many bacterial species should be depicted as a network rather than a tree.” https://lnkd.in/djKBnru View in LinkedIn

NEW FINDINGS. “Expanding multilocus sequence typing (MLST) surveys now show that it is often homologous recombination—not the stepwise accumulation of mutations after separation of lineages—that accounts for the lion's share of sequence differences between isolates.” https://lnkd.in/djKBnru View in LinkedIn

RARE COMBINATION EVENTS? “Bacterial population geneticists have known for some time that prokaryotic genomes do sometimes recombine, but early estimates suggested that rates of recombination were sufficiently low to be ignored when considering periodic selection events.” https://lnkd.in/djKBnru View in LinkedIn

“NATURE’S ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE #6:  Nature’s Systems Are Self Similar.” https://lnkd.in/ga-TtUt View in LinkedIn

AUGMENTED EXPLANATION. “Rather than replacing periodic selection on genetic diversity, gene loss, and other chromosomal alterations as important players in adaptive evolution, gene exchange acts in concert with these processes to provide a rich explanatory paradigm.” https://lnkd.in/djKBnru View in LinkedIn

“NATURE’S ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE #5:  Nature’s Systems Are Self Organized And Emergent.” https://lnkd.in/ga-TtUt View in LinkedIn

ONEROUS CONCEPT. “In fact even for organisms with regular and obligatory recombination and obvious barriers to intertaxon mating, the notion of species is onerous.” https://lnkd.in/djKBnru View in LinkedIn

SELFISH GENETIC ELEMENTS. “Furthermore, many of the agents of exchange (bacteriophages, transmissible and conjugative plasmids) are themselves best viewed as selfish elements. For them, interspecific transfer is selectively advantageous and might even be required for long-term persistence.” https://lnkd.in/djKBnru View in LinkedIn

RARE AND SMALL. “In contrast, even the most promiscuous prokaryotes experience recombination much less frequently than they reproduce, and the exchange involves only a tiny fraction of their genomes in any one event. There seems very little selective advantage in preventing such rare interspecific exchange.” https://lnkd.in/djKBnru View in LinkedIn