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SIGNALS OF EMOTION. “The orbicularis oris is a complex sphincter that functions in conjunction with the muscles of facial expression. The orbicularis oris circles around the upper and lower lips and compresses, contracts and protrudes the lips. The gamut of emotions and actions can be expressed with this sphincter muscle.” Mona Lisa lives. https://lnkd.in/dRMaFi5 View in LinkedIn

FUNCTIONAL QUESTION. “The orbicularis-oris-muscle-complex...one of the most complex muscles in the human face.” https://lnkd.in/dy_Wee2 View in LinkedIn

TWENTY ONE. “The muscles associated with the movement of the lips (mouth) are (on each side): four elevators, four depressors and two muscles lateral to the angle. This totals twenty pared and one unpaired muscle.” Good description of the muscular mechanics of facial expressions. https://lnkd.in/dG53As2 View in LinkedIn

BY-PRODUCT. “The diversity of facial expressions produced by these muscles is only a side effect of their true function.” https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/147238 View in LinkedIn

ORIFICE CONTROL. “The muscles of facial expression are arranged around the orifices of the face (orbita, mouth and nose). Their function is thus to control these orifices as sphincters and dilators.” https://lnkd.in/dG53As2 View in LinkedIn

FACIAL MUSCLES. “The human face has the greatest mobility and facial display repertoire among all primates. However, the variables that account for this are not clear. Humans and other anthropoids have remarkably similar mimetic musculature. This suggests that differences among the mimetic muscles alone may not account for the increased mobility and facial display repertoire seen in humans.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE for this and next weekend is a meditation on the human face, and why the Mona Lisa smile has such cultural appeal. Anatomists are a rare and extraordinary group of scientists who ponder this apparently arcane subject and keep coming up with new observations, usually through comparative anatomy. Such is the case with the nuanced expressions of the human face. https://lnkd.in/dD5FBrY View in LinkedIn

CLONAL FISSION. “Prokaryotes, like multi-cellular eukaryotes, exhibit transmission genetics in receiving genes transmitted from a parental cell at the moment of cell division. Because this involves the simple replication of the existing genetic material, from the perspective of multi-cellular eukaryotes biology it would seem that prokaryotes should possess very little genetic variability.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

IMPLICATIONS. “The implication of widespread horizontal gene transfer-induced genetic diversity is revelatory on two levels: (1) it disproves the thesis that, compared with multi-cellular eukaryotes, prokaryotic populations of invariant clones are evolutionary sluggards; and (2) it rules out the possibility of a single, true, whole-genome phylogenetic tree for any prokaryote or its pan-genome.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

BEAUTY BONE. “A prominent cheek-bone and a well-defined modiolus provide very important aspects of beauty and youth of the inferior part of the face.” https://page-one.live.cf.public.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/s00238-001-0333-9 View in LinkedIn