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PARALLEL IN EUKARYOTES. “The similarity to the pattern seen in some multi-cellular eukaryotes, such as aphids, that alternate between parthenogenetic and sexual reproduction is suggestive: both reproduce asexually in benign conditions, switching to a genetic-diversity-generating mechanism when conditions are harsh.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

BEAUTY MUSCLES. “When well developed, the two modioli make the mouth soft and provide the lateral boundaries of its natural esthetic unit, making the inferior portion of the face quite separate from the middle one.” https://page-one.live.cf.public.springer.com/pdf/preview/10.1007/s00238-001-0333-9 View in LinkedIn

IMPACT OF STRESS. “Furthermore, we know that the ability to acquire exogenous DNA (known as competence) can be adjusted by bacteria in response to environmental conditions, with competence generally increasing under conditions of stress.” https://lnkd.in/ewnQ9Vg View in LinkedIn

PROFOUND IMPLICATIONS. “One study carried out a full genomic assessment of several hundred individual marine bacteria ( Vibrio splendidus ) collected at the same location and found essentially no two alike. The potential implications of widespread acquisition genetics via horizontal gene transfer for an understanding of evolution are profound.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

ENDLESS OPPORTUNITY. “Prokaryotic acquisition genetics provides virtually unlimited opportunities for genetic variance.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

UNIQUE NOVELTY. “Prokaryotes do not generate genetic variability through transmission genetics, but they acquire genetic novelty through acquisition genetics—the acquisition of genes directly from the environment via mechanisms not involving reproduction. Routine acquisition genetics, uncoupled from reproduction, simply does not occur among multi-cellular eukaryotes.” https://lnkd.in/ewnQ9Vg View in LinkedIn

NEW VIEWPOINT. “This multi-cellular eukaryotes-centric viewpoint errs in completely omitting the role of horizontal gene transfer —acquisition genetics—in generating vast genetic variation among prokaryotes—much more than transmission genetics does in multi-cellular eukaryotes.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

OLD MONO-LINEAR VIEWPOINT. “Essentially, every prokaryote is its own lineage, either dying, budding off, or splitting into daughter cells that are clones of the parent, in the process of asexual reproduction. … Daughter cells are clones, with the same DNA as the parent cell, so they are already well adapted to the microenvironment.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

The exquisite anatomical analysis that has gone into this work is used daily in cosmetic surgery, and takes the crusty old Victorian anatomists working in the museum basement right into the modern clinic. Lovely stuff View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this contemplation of what gives the human mouth and smile such a range of subtle expressions, and how these are lacking in other vertebrates, and how they arose during evolution. View in LinkedIn