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SERIAL CULTURE AND REGRAFTING. "The goal that these in vitro and in vivo studies has been to answer this fundamental question: Can normal animal cells functioning and replicating under ideal conditions escape from the inevitability of aging and death that is obligatory for the animal from which the were derived?" http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

SCALING WITH SIZE. “Different biological time scales. Timing of processes scales with size: from the long-term evolutionary processes at the population level, to dynamics within a single population, timing during organism and organ development, down to cellular and subcellular processes.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

THE BIG QUESTION. "Nevertheless, germline DNA appears to remain sufficiently pristine to maintain fairly stable phenotypes over many generations. How do species avoid accumulating damage when composed of individuals that do?" http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=RD14514 View in LinkedIn

HOW AND WHY. “More than 50 years ago Ernst Mayr introduced the distinction between “proximate” and “ultimate” causes in biology. In this now classical theory, proximate causes act via short-term physiological processes, and ultimate causes act via long-term evolutionary processes. Put simply, the proximate cause addresses the question of “how?” and the ultimate cause addresses the “why?”. https://lnkd.in/dcBi6Jp View in LinkedIn

THE FATE OF ALL SPECIES. "Although individuals accumulate damage, species usually do not become increasingly damaged; however, this could be one of the mechanisms for eventual extinction or evolution to a different species, the apparent fate of essentially all species." http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=RD14514 View in LinkedIn

4.6 BILLION YEARS IN ONE HOUR. https://lnkd.in/dqzFaz4 View in LinkedIn

ASSAULTS ON CELLS. "Nature has developed numerous mechanisms to counteract these problems, such as proofreading enzymes, ubiquitous antioxidants and apoptotic death of unfit cells. However, none of these is completely effective." https://lnkd.in/dtrQAMw View in LinkedIn

SNAPSHOT OF BIOLOGICAL TIME SCALES which range from microseconds to weeks. https://lnkd.in/dvbKh8h View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this walk into the garden of biological time. There is virtually no literature on the subject. As we see biology and physics working together on quantum biology, based on quantum mechanics, at whose heart is time itself, it would be curious to explore the big and small nuances of biological time scales. At the very least, we see our world very differently when we adopt a different time scale. View in LinkedIn

GEOLOGICAL TIME CLOCK and the late emergence of life on earth. A very useful visualization to show that man is a very late arriver in this geologic history. https://lnkd.in/dSRsurj View in LinkedIn