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EMERGENCE AT DIFFERENT TIME SCALES. It is possible that since emergence can occur at hierarchically nested series of greater structural complexity, so also with nested series of time scales. View in LinkedIn

EMERGENCE AT DIFFERENT COMPLEXITIES. “Many biological systems commonly exhibit emergent behaviour. The complex behaviour of flocks of birds, colonies of ants, swarms of bees and schools of fish emerges from the interactions of the constituent parts of the respective systems.” https://lnkd.in/dGuipaX View in LinkedIn

NESTED HIERARCHIES. “An outstanding question in biology is why life has evolved to be hierarchically organized. From genomes, to cells, tissues, individuals, societies, and eco-systems, evolution generates structures with nested spatial and temporal levels. Typically, with each new structural level comes new functionality—a new feature with positive payoff consequences.” https://lnkd.in/dWu-CBk View in LinkedIn

MESHING SCHEDULES. “Dynamics of biological systems with different time scales. Not only between systems driven by different clocks such as populations versus nerve cells, but importantly also within a single organism which operates on clocks, with several orders of magnitude differences, such as 10(-6) to 10(6).” https://lnkd.in/d-2cRZ5 View in LinkedIn

SLOPPY SPACE. “The adaptation to perturbation imposes a selection pressure and does not come as a fast response but rather as an evolved phenotypic outcome in a sloppy space.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

EVOLVABLE ROBUSTNESS. “Higher levels of organization, like populations and species, also exhibit temporal variation. Robustness emerges as an evolvable property, as systems adapt to stress in changing environmental conditions through mutations and genetic drift. These changes span much longer time scales.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

MODULARITY AND SYNCHRONIZATION. “Modularity is clearly seen in periodic processes like circadian rhythms or the cell cycle. These and other processes are temporally regulated through a precise orchestration of transcriptional events and post-translational modifications.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

SOLUTIONS TO TEMPORAL COMPLEXITY. “Inevitably, the complexity and variation produced by temporal changes introduces a challenge on the system in maintaining robustness. This is reconciled through modularity and synchronization.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

REGULATION OF COMPLEXITY. “Temporal complexity also scales with structural complexity: more complex organisms need increased regulation of various biological processes, hence the emergence of different levels of time-coupled responses.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

SPACE AND TIME. “All cellular functions and fate decisions are governed by spatiotemporal design principles: circadian rhythms, cell division, development, metabolism, etc.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn