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MUTANT MITOCHONDRIA. "The gene transfer rate tends to increase with decreasing intracellular competition, increasing paternal organelle transmission, and decreasing effective population size. Intense intracellular competition tends to suppress gene transfer because it is likely to exclude mutant mitochondria that lose the essential gene due to the production of lethal individuals." https://lnkd.in/d3qRpgD View in LinkedIn

FACTORS FOR GENE TRANSFER. "According to the mathematical model, it was revealed that the rate of gene transfer from mitochondria to the nucleus can be affected by three factors, the intensity of intracellular competition, the probability of paternal organelle transmission, and the effective population size." https://lnkd.in/d3qRpgD View in LinkedIn

COMPETITION BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIA. "Mutant mitochondria that lose a certain gene by deletion are considered to replicate more rapidly than normal ones, resulting in an advantage in intracellular competition. If the competition is intense, heteroplasmic individuals possessing both types of mitochondria change to homoplasmic individuals including mutant mitochondria only, with high probability." https://lnkd.in/d3qRpgD View in LinkedIn

ORGANELLE SYMBIOSIS. "Endosymbiotic theory states that mitochondria originated as bacterial intracellular symbionts, the size of the mitochondrial genome gradually reducing over a long period owing to, among other things, gene transfer from the mitochondria to the nucleus. Such gene transfer was observed in more genes in animals than in plants, implying a higher transfer rate of animals." https://lnkd.in/d3qRpgD View in LinkedIn

INTEGRATING SUITES OF TRAITS. "The developmental mechanism of preferential allocation has implication for the evolution of suites of traits. Depending on the mechanism, it may be possible not only to change the strength of the allocation but also to change the allocation partners during evolution. Thus evolution of the allocation tradeoff itself may play a role in the evolution of morphological integration of traits." http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn

TWO CELL DIVISION TYPES. "Mitosis and meiosis are two different types of cell division cycles with entirely different outcomes with definite biological implication for almost all eukaryotic species." https://lnkd.in/d8cXuPE View in LinkedIn

CHEMICAL DARWINIAN COMPETITION. “In recent years, an extension of the Darwinian framework is being considered for the study of prebiotic chemical evolution, shifting the attention from homogeneous populations of naked molecular species to populations of heterogeneous, compartmentalized and functionally integrated assemblies of molecules.” https://lnkd.in/d-UDSAh View in LinkedIn

CONSERVED PLOIDY. "Precise and timely segregation of genetic material and conservation of ploidy are the two foremost requirements for survival of a eukaryotic organism. Two highly regulated cell division processes, namely mitosis and meiosis are central to achieve this objective. The modes of chromosome segregation are distinct in these two processes that generate progeny cells of equal ploidy and half the ploidy in mitosis and meiosis, respectively." https://lnkd.in/d8cXuPE View in LinkedIn

SECOND MAJOR FORCE. "Repression of competition within groups joins kin selection as the second major force in the history of life shaping the evolution of cooperation. When opportunities for competition against neighbors are limited within groups, individuals can increase their own success only by enhancing the efficiency and productivity of their group." https://lnkd.in/duWA75V View in LinkedIn

HALVING IS HARD. "The behavior of chromosomes in meiosis is much more complex than in mitosis. Additional demands such as chiasmata formation, mono-orientation of sister kinetochores, protection of centromeric cohesion, and prevention of DNA replication between the two divisions are imposed upon the chromosome segregation machinery." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867403000837 View in LinkedIn