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NEW GENES IN FRUIT FLIES. "Zhou et al., computationally estimated new gene origination rates in the D. melanogaster subgroup via DNA-based duplication, retroposition, de novo origination and gene recombination to be 5–11 new genes per million years, and found different rates for the four mechanism." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

FOUR MECHANISMS. "New genes generated by four main mechanisms have been examined: DNA-based duplication, retroposition, de novo origination and exon/domain shuffling. There have been no reports of new gene origination rates for mechanisms other than DNA-based duplication, RNA-based duplication, de novo origination, and gene recombination. Thus the rates of new gene origination we highlight should be viewed as serious underestimates." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

RADICAL RENOVATION. "And while these mechanisms may generate the initial gene structures, many new structures (in a large variety of taxa) undergo radical structural renovation to change exon-intron structure, or even recruit new or existing coding sequence into the new locus." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

MECHANISMS BY THE NUMBERS. "Work in humans and Drosophila suggests that ~80% of genes are formed by DNA-based duplication, 5% - 10% by de novo duplication, and ~10% by retroposition." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES. “Transposable elements can contribute to functional divergence between duplicate genes in several ways. Transposable elements can mediate gene recombination by carrying coding sequences from one part of the genome to another, and can even themselves be incorporated into existing coding sequences. In addition, Transposable elements were recently found to be a source of micro-RNAs, major components of post-transcriptional regulation of expression." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY SYSTEM NEED. "New genes must acquire a specific transcription regulatory system to ensure certain temporal and spatial expression patterns.” https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

SUPPRESSION AND REWIRING. "Li et al., showed that a de novo gene in yeast can suppress a previously existing mating type-control pathway thus rewiring the structure of gene networks in the species." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

REGULATED BY OFFSPRING. “McCarrey and Riggs predicted that pseudogenes may regulate their parental genes, similar to long non-coding RNAs or miRNAs." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

INTEGRATION. "Capra et al., revealed that new genes in yeast become more integrated into cellular networks over time." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

"PSEUDOGENES are conventionally thought as dead genes which play no functional roles, but may evolve functions in regulating expression of related genes. Zheng et al. recently found that many mammalian pseudogenes are transcribed and thus may still function." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn