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MODULAR DISTRIBUTED GENES. "The generation of the predicted transformations by ectopic expression of the Brassica gene in transgenic tobacco indicates that gene functions are interchangable between phylogenetically distant species." https://lnkd.in/dGN8Y2C View in LinkedIn

FLORAL TRANSFORMATIONS. "We have generated transgenic tobacco plants that ectopically express the AGAMOUS gene from Brassica napus, which is necessary for the C function. Flowers on the resulting plants showed homeotic transformations of sepals into carpels and petals into stamens." https://lnkd.in/dGN8Y2C View in LinkedIn

ABC FLORAL GENE SYSTEM. "Genetic studies suggest that three homeotic functions, designated A, B, and C, act alone and together to specify the fate of floral organ primordia in distantly related dicotyledonous plant species." https://lnkd.in/dGN8Y2C View in LinkedIn

FLOWERS AS MODIFIED LEAVES. "Goethe was right when he proposed that flowers are modified leaves. It seems that four genes involved in plant development must be expressed together to turn leaves into floral organs." https://lnkd.in/drsuFdW View in LinkedIn

FLOWER DIAGRAMS covering most types of flower structures, a thorough and advanced treatment. This is humbling to any non-specialist. https://lnkd.in/dtvUbfS View in LinkedIn

SPECIATION STARTS. "Indiscriminate cell–cell fusions, although they may have generated important novelties during early protoeukaryotic evolution, generate disparate chromosome complements that are toxic to a successful meiosis." https://lnkd.in/ebVhXPf View in LinkedIn

FOUR INNOVATIONS. "At a molecular genetic level, the evolution of meiosis would have entailed the following" four innovations.” http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

PRECONDITION. "In order for haploid products to recapitulate these events, and hence again avail themselves of the advantages of diploidy, they must in turn fuse together to create diploids that are both capable of meiosis and precluded from undergoing additional fusion events." https://lnkd.in/ebVhXPf View in LinkedIn

CHIASMATA ROLE. "Independent assortment produces diversity in the meiotic products of heterozygotes regardless of levels of crossing over, and chiasmata have been shown to play an additional role, aligning homologous chromosomes and providing tension on the spindle for accurate meiosis I segregation." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

BENEFITS OF HALVING. "Although the initial pressure to develop meiosis may have been to effect ploidy reduction, the process evolved into something far more sophisticated: a mechanism to generate complete chromosome sets during meiosis I and then halve their ploidy during meiosis II." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn