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"SPORULATION PROGRAMS typically entail the assembly of a novel cell wall that preserves viability in the face of noxious environmental circumstances such as high temperature, freezing, desiccation, predation, and exposure to ionizing radiation." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

HAPLOID SPORES. "It is plausible to propose that the protoeukaryote possessed a genetic program for haploid spore differentiation that was independent of any sexual process." https://lnkd.in/ebVhXPf View in LinkedIn

SPORE FORMATION. "At some point during the evolution of protoeukaryotes, there evolved an additional and far more immediate and tangible benefit to transitions from the haploid to the diploid state, namely, restricting the formation of a resting spore to diploid cells, a capability that came to be controlled by mating type." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

BACKUP COPIES. "The selective advantage of diploidy lies in the presence of at least two copies of each gene, allowing complementation of recessive lethal mutations and the potential generation of novel alleles/genes in the second copy." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

ORIGINS OF SEX. "Any heterotypic recognition/adhesion pairs (hereafter H1/H2) in a protoeukaryote would be candidates for the next posited stage in the origins of sex, namely, the exclusive expression of H1 in gametes that we will generically call plus mating type and exclusive expression of H2 in gametes that we will call minus mating type.' http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

SELF RECOGNITION MOLECULES. "The original self-recognition molecules in protoeukaryotic gametes might have engaged in homotypic interactions, like present-day cadherins that adhere to one another. Alternatively, the interactions might have been heterotypic, like present-day integrins that adhere to intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

VAST PERIANTH DIVERSITY. "Within the angiosperms, other morphological features could be explained by homeosis, primarily in the sterile floral organs, collectively termed the perianth. These organs show enormous diversity in their morphology." https://lnkd.in/dVXk7jP View in LinkedIn

BREAKING THE SPECIES BARRIER. "That said, there are examples in which hybrids that have formed from cross-species cell–cell fusions have ultimately given rise to new species, such as the posited origin of S. cerevisiae from an ancestral whole genome duplication event following fusion of two related, but different, yeast species." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

"HERMAPHRODITIC AXES could have evolved through the simple restriction of B gene expression to part of a conelike structure, yielding both male and female organs on the same axis." https://lnkd.in/dVXk7jP View in LinkedIn

SPECIES INCOMPATIBILITY. "When different yeast species are induced to fuse with each other, their hybrid is unable to proceed smoothly through meiosis, even if all the chromosomes are colinear and syntenic, because a higher level of DNA mismatches provokes the mismatch repair machinery to abort meiotic recombination events, and spores fail to germinate." https://lnkd.in/ebVhXPf View in LinkedIn