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VIRUSES AND THE PLACENTA. "The emergence of mammalian vivipary and the placenta presents many biological and behavioral issues that challenge theories of evolution. These biological and immunological dilemmas are associated with the emergence of the ‘foreign’ mammalian placenta (expressing paternal genes)." https://lnkd.in/etdQ9rN View in LinkedIn

VIRAL INVOLVEMENT. "All systems of host identity and immunity can be examined from this way and show viral involvement. I also examine the emergence of human social identity from this perspective which provides many new insights for the origin of social cooperation." https://lnkd.in/dk3eXRj View in LinkedIn

COMPREHENSIVE EXPLANATION. "The combined concepts of addiction modules and quasispecies can be applied to understand a wide array of phenomena, involving cooperation, network formation, symbiosis, immunity and group identity, all of which are also examined from a virus first perspective." https://lnkd.in/dk3eXRj View in LinkedIn

VIRAL EDITING OF HOST IDENTITY. "Since viruses are naturally competent in host code but also extend that code, they are natural agents for code editing. They are also natural agents to create new host identity (self), although this typically involves cooperative populations of agents." https://lnkd.in/dk3eXRj View in LinkedIn

STABLE VIRAL COLONIES. "The study of DNA virus persistence and RNA virus evolution has defined the concepts of addiction modules and quasispecies which can respectively explain the persistence of virus information and the cooperative evolution of viral populations (including defective virus). Together, these concepts can be applied to a wide array of phenomena that emerge from stable virus colonization of host." https://lnkd.in/dk3eXRj View in LinkedIn

GROUP IDENTITY. "I consider the RNA (ribozyme) world scenario from the perspective of addiction modules and cooperating quasispecies (i.e., subfunctional agents that establish group identity). Such an RNA collective resembles a “gang” but requires the simultaneous emergence of endonuclease, ligase, cooperative catalysis, group identity, and history markers (RNA). I call such a collective a gangen (pathway to gang) needed for life to emerge." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12565/full View in LinkedIn

VIRAL JUMPING GENES. “The genomes of many eukaryotes contain a high amount of transposable elements – DNA sequences that can change their position within the genome...transposable elements can impact the gene content of a genome by inducing gene knockouts, modulating gene regulation or causing double-strand DNA breaks by transposable elements excision.” https://lnkd.in/eC8eb-V View in LinkedIn

STEM-LOOP RNA. "Quasispecies can also demonstrate group preclusion (e.g., hepatitis C). Stem-loop RNA domains are found in long terminal repeats (and viral RNA) and mediate viral regulation/identity. Thus, stem-loop RNAs may be ancestral regulators." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12565/full View in LinkedIn

PATH TO ISOLATION. “Inversions may increase adaptation, for instance to particular habitats, and support spatial isolation within the population. Moreover, larger inversions can also affect genes involved in reproductive isolation, and, together with enhanced divergence, drive speciation. Inversions, therefore, seem to be strong promoters of reproductive isolation.” https://lnkd.in/eC8eb-V View in LinkedIn

QUASISPECIES. "RNA viruses evolve via quasispecies, which contain cooperating, minority, and even opposing RNA types." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12565/full View in LinkedIn