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REGRESSION TO SIMPLICITY. "Dedifferentiation is an important biological phenomenon whereby cells regress from a specialized function to a simpler state reminiscent of stem cells." http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/8/655.full View in LinkedIn

PRECISE REPLICA. "Regeneration is an ability that has been observed extensively throughout metazoan phylogeny. Amongst vertebrates, the urodele amphibians stand out for their exceptional capacity to regenerate body parts such as the limb. During this process, only the missing portion of the limb is precisely replaced—amputation in the upper arm results in regeneration of the entire limb, while amputation at the wrist produces a hand." https://lnkd.in/dYbZKyW View in LinkedIn

"ANURAN AMPHIBIANS such as Xenopus are intermediate between urodele amphibians and other vertebrates in terms of their regenerative capacity, in that they can completely regenerate developing hindlimb buds prior to the onset of metamorphosis, but regenerative capacity declines gradually as metamorphosis proceeds." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00973.x/full View in LinkedIn

SALAMANDERS AND FROGS. "While the limb skeletal pattern is well conserved among tetrapods, limb regenerative capacity differs from animal to animal. Salamanders can regenerate their limbs completely, but amnoites (lizards, birds and mammals) cannot regenerate their limbs. Frogs exhibit different degrees of limb regenerative capacity at different stages of their life cycles." https://lnkd.in/d5zM_n7 View in LinkedIn

AMPHIBIAN LIMB REGENERATION. "The ability to regenerate complex structures is widespread in metazoan phylogeny, but among vertebrates the urodele amphibians are exceptional. Adult urodeles can regenerate their limbs by local formation of a mesenchymal growth zone or blastema." https://lnkd.in/dxZ4YAq View in LinkedIn

NEGLIGIBLE AGING. ""According to the Animal Ageing and Longevity Database, the list of organisms with negligible aging (along with estimated longevity in the wild) includes: Rougheye rockfish (Sebastes aleutianus) – 205 years; Olm (Proteus anguinus) – 102 years; Painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) – 61 years; Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) – 77 years; Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) – 138 years; Red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) – 200 years; Ocean quahog clam (Arctica islandica) – 507 years; Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) – 4,713 years." https://lnkd.in/dYChGXk View in LinkedIn

UNIVERSAL AND VARIED. "Repair and regeneration are universal phenomena in the biological world, but the capacity for regeneration varies considerably among species." http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/8/655.full View in LinkedIn

STEM CELL REGENERATION. "Early evidence that stem cells exist in the somatic tissues of animals arose from observations of the regeneration of entire organisms, including the head, from small sections of the Hydra soma.” https://muse.jhu.edu/article/53800/summary View in LinkedIn

"STEM CELLS have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. In addition, in many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell." https://lnkd.in/duHg-aW View in LinkedIn

"EYE OF NEWT, and toe of frog," "Wool of bat, and tongue of dog," "Adder's fork, and blind-worm's sting," "Lizard's leg, and howlet's wing”" "(Macbeth (IV, i, 14-15) https://lnkd.in/d43WUGY View in LinkedIn