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SALAMANDERS AND FROGS. "While the limb skeletal pattern is well conserved among tetrapods, limb regenerative capacity differs from animal to animal. Salamanders can regenerate their limbs completely, but amnoites (lizards, birds and mammals) cannot regenerate their limbs. Frogs exhibit different degrees of limb regenerative capacity at different stages of their life cycles." https://lnkd.in/d5zM_n7 View in LinkedIn

AMPHIBIAN LIMB REGENERATION. "The ability to regenerate complex structures is widespread in metazoan phylogeny, but among vertebrates the urodele amphibians are exceptional. Adult urodeles can regenerate their limbs by local formation of a mesenchymal growth zone or blastema." https://lnkd.in/dxZ4YAq View in LinkedIn

NEGLIGIBLE AGING. ""According to the Animal Ageing and Longevity Database, the list of organisms with negligible aging (along with estimated longevity in the wild) includes: Rougheye rockfish (Sebastes aleutianus) – 205 years; Olm (Proteus anguinus) – 102 years; Painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) – 61 years; Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) – 77 years; Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) – 138 years; Red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) – 200 years; Ocean quahog clam (Arctica islandica) – 507 years; Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) – 4,713 years." https://lnkd.in/dYChGXk View in LinkedIn

UNIVERSAL AND VARIED. "Repair and regeneration are universal phenomena in the biological world, but the capacity for regeneration varies considerably among species." http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/8/655.full View in LinkedIn

STEM CELL REGENERATION. "Early evidence that stem cells exist in the somatic tissues of animals arose from observations of the regeneration of entire organisms, including the head, from small sections of the Hydra soma.” https://muse.jhu.edu/article/53800/summary View in LinkedIn

"STEM CELLS have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. In addition, in many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell." https://lnkd.in/duHg-aW View in LinkedIn

"EYE OF NEWT, and toe of frog," "Wool of bat, and tongue of dog," "Adder's fork, and blind-worm's sting," "Lizard's leg, and howlet's wing”" "(Macbeth (IV, i, 14-15) https://lnkd.in/d43WUGY View in LinkedIn

LIMBS, EYES, NERVES. "The most commonly accepted examples of transdifferentiation are limb regeneration in amphibia, and the conversion of pigment epithelia into lens and neural retinal cells. Other instances of transdifferentiation include the conversion of pancreatic cells to hepatocytes and of vascular endothelium to smooth muscle." https://lnkd.in/gxtx9hi View in LinkedIn

TRANSDIFFERENTIATION. "There is now much evidence demonstrating the remarkable ability of some differentiated cells to convert into a completely different phenotype. The conversion of one cellular phenotype to another is referred to as transdifferentiation." http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/8/655.full View in LinkedIn

DELICATE BALANCE. "The energy wasteful reactions are a particular problem for photosynthetic reaction centres because the photochemistry gives such high energy intermediates. This problem is mainly dealt with through kinetic control: i.e. the forward reactions are faster than the back reactions. This is achieved by having cofactors appropriately spaced within the protein to allow rapid vectorial electron transfer across the membrane, separating the positive and negative charges from each other." https://lnkd.in/dxpcWx8 View in LinkedIn