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LIMBS, EYES, NERVES. "The most commonly accepted examples of transdifferentiation are limb regeneration in amphibia, and the conversion of pigment epithelia into lens and neural retinal cells. Other instances of transdifferentiation include the conversion of pancreatic cells to hepatocytes and of vascular endothelium to smooth muscle." https://lnkd.in/gxtx9hi View in LinkedIn

TRANSDIFFERENTIATION. "There is now much evidence demonstrating the remarkable ability of some differentiated cells to convert into a completely different phenotype. The conversion of one cellular phenotype to another is referred to as transdifferentiation." http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/8/655.full View in LinkedIn

ACROSS TAXA. "Dedifferentiation can be observed in different tissues and organs of plants, invertebrates, amphibians, and animals, including humans." https://lnkd.in/gxtx9hi View in LinkedIn

ADULT VS EMBRYO. "In adult mammals such as mice and humans, the wound heals and a scar is formed after injury, while wound healing is completed without scarring in an embryonic mouse. Completion of regeneration and wound healing takes a long time in regenerative and non-regenerative limbs, respectively.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00973.x/full View in LinkedIn

UP AND DOWN PROTEIN REGULATION. "Dedifferentiation can also be observed at the protein level, as evidenced by the up-regulation of progenitor cell–related proteins and the down-regulation of differentiated cell–related proteins." http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/8/655.full View in LinkedIn

ANNELID REGENERATION. "Substantial somatic regeneration also occurs among other invertebrates, including members of relatively highly organized groups such as annelids." (Segmented worms and leeches). https://muse.jhu.edu/article/53800/summary View in LinkedIn

GENE REPRESSION AND ACTIVATION. "During the dedifferentiation process, development-related gene activity is repressed, and genes that keep the cell in the undifferentiated state are activated." https://lnkd.in/gxtx9hi View in LinkedIn

AXOLOTLS. "Urodele amphibians such as newts and salamanders can regenerate their limbs following amputation any time during their life cycles, although there is a non-regenerative mutant in axolotls." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00973.x/full View in LinkedIn

MULTILEVEL REVERSAL. "Dedifferentiation is a process by which cells develop in reverse, from a more differentiated to a less differentiated state. The phenomenon can be observed at the levels of gene, protein, morphology, and function." http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/8/655.full View in LinkedIn

FUTILE CYCLE UTILITY. "When the cytochrome b 559 is already oxidized, the carotenoid cation can be reduced by chlorophyll, most likely ChlZD2, which is calculated to have a uniquely low potential. This branch of the futile cycle may serve as a trap for the cation and as a fluorescence quencher that will protect against over excitation of PSII." https://lnkd.in/dxpcWx8 View in LinkedIn