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PROPERTIES OF MORTAL CELLS #1. "If derived from human embryos, cell strains undergo about 50 population doublings. The potential cell yield from 50 population doublings is about 20 million metric tons." http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

LACK OF CONFIRMATION. "No one has ever confirmed Carrel's work even to the extent of keeping continuously proliferating normal chick cells alive for as short a period of time as two or three years. Since confirmation is lacking and the scientific method demands this, Carrel's studies are invalid." A little harsh? http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

CLEAR DISTINCTION. "All normal cells both in vitro and in vivo are mortal and that abnormal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo are immortal." Cancerous cells are heteroploid while normal cells are diploid. http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v62/full/62111380.html View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this snippet about apoplectic marine embryologists who were horrified with Williamson’s new ideas that challenged Darwin’s idea of the pure species. The occurrence of viable hybridization has been found to occur widely in plants, to the horror of older botanists, needing a total revampt of some plant family taxonomies. Now, in invertebrates, hybridization is being widely reported as well. Hybridization is barely an evolutionary dead end. View in LinkedIn

Darwin comes to town: how cities are creating new species https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jul/23/darwin-comes-to-town-how-cities-are-creating-new-species?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn

IN REMEMBRANCE, Donald Williamson. https://lnkd.in/dMuCrxm View in LinkedIn

MUDDY POND. "Normal cultured cell populations are mortal but cells that are immortal are abnormal and most have properties of cancer cells. Nevertheless, this distinction becomes blurred because the terms ‘mortality’ and ‘immortality’ are subject to enormous variations in understanding." (Leonard Hayflick). https://lnkd.in/dPSTAYE View in LinkedIn

WIDESPREAD HYBRIDIZATION. "Hybridisation was traditionally considered rare on coral reefs. However, a rapid increase in hybrid studies over the last 20 years has revealed that hybridisation on coral reefs is common and widespread." https://lnkd.in/dfcW_XQ View in LinkedIn

DISRUPTIVE SCIENCE. "In the 1960’s, Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead overturned what was then a reigning paradigm in cell biology--that under optimal growth conditions, cells possessed an unlimited capacity for replication. Their elegant series of experiments convincingly showed that, on the contrary, human cells displayed a strictly limited division potential." https://lnkd.in/dppQZ73 View in LinkedIn

ISOLATE CULTURES. "In protozoa where an individual is isolated and continuously separated from daughter cells as they are produced (‘isolate’ cultures), mortal lineages always occur, thus settling a controversy of 50 years duration. Alleged ‘immortal’ cell lines, like HeLa, that have been cultivated continuously for decades, but never studied as isolate cultures, cannot be assumed to be immortal." https://lnkd.in/esfPTAR View in LinkedIn