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IMPACT OF COLONY COLLAPSE. “It has been observed widely that the local abundance and regional distribution of species tend to be correlated positively, such that species with low abundance within sites (i.e. average numbers or densities of individuals) also tend to occupy few sites (i.e. the area or range of a species at a national or continental scale), while species with high abundance also tend to occupy a large number of sites.” https://lnkd.in/dZAJ-iq View in LinkedIn

SURVIVAL ISSUES. “Studies have suggested that a major impact has been a reduction in the survival rate, specifically of first-year birds, rather than a decrease in productivity.” https://www.britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V96/V96_N09/V96_N09_P439_446_A004.pdf View in LinkedIn

INDIAN SPARROW COLLAPSE. “In recent years India also has seen a dramatic decline of sparrow populations. In recent years, ornithologists have observed sharp decline in house sparrow populations across Bangalore, Mumbai, Hyderabad and other cities in India.” https://lnkd.in/e6evZ-H View in LinkedIn

RURAL CHANGES IMPACT. “These changes have reduced food availability, both of seeds, which sustain birds throughout the year, and of invertebrates, which are required by House Sparrows for rearing young.” https://www.britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V96/V96_N09/V96_N09_P439_446_A004.pdf View in LinkedIn

UNFINISHED TREND. “Today, the number of house sparrows in North America is only some 25 million, and the trend continues downward.” https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-55396-2_5 View in LinkedIn

INEVITABLE PROPERTY. “Even when cells divide symmetrically, unicellulars readily evolve a state of asymmetric, unequal distribution of cellular damage among daughter cells. However, as soon as such an asymmetry evolves, aging evolves. Thus, aging – despite remarkable variation in the duration of life among different species – might be a fundamental and inevitable property of cellular life.” http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-evolution-of-aging-23651151 View in LinkedIn

SYMMETRY EXCEPTION. “An asymmetrically dividing bacterium has recently been found to show senescence. Remarkably, however, even the symmetrically dividing E. coli ages: it shows subcellular mother-offspring asymmetry, delineating age classes upon which selection can act to produce senescence.” http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-evolution-of-aging-23651151 View in LinkedIn

SYMMETRY. “More important than this lack of a clear germ line/soma distinction, however, is the fact that prokaryotes, protozoans, algae, and symmetrically dividing unicells, do not have clearly delineated age classes. In symmetrically dividing unicells, for example, individuals should not age because parent and offspring are phenotypically indistinguishable – it is impossible to determine old from young, and age is thus invisible to selection. By the same logic, aging should exist in asymmetrically reproducing organisms where aging parents are phenotypically distinct from offspring.” http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-evolution-of-aging-23651151 View in LinkedIn

SOMA VERSUS GERM LINE. “For a long time it was thought that bacteria do not age. Indeed, one of Williams' strongest assertions about the evolution of aging was that only organisms with a separation of germ line and soma should age. In such organisms, the germ line is maintained indefinitely, but the aging soma is “disposable” after fulfilling its reproductive role. Bacteria, by contrast, do not exhibit a clear delineation into germ line and soma, and should therefore be immortal.” http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-evolution-of-aging-23651151 View in LinkedIn

DEFENSES. “Species that are well protected from predators – for example, those that have a shell, can fly, or are poisonous – tend to live longer than related, less well-protected species.” http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-evolution-of-aging-23651151 View in LinkedIn