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TWO GENERATIONS. "Plant reproductive cell lineages thus span two generations, commencing in the sporophyte when cells in the male and female sex organs (stamens and carpels, respectively) enter meiosis and terminating in the gametophyte with the formation of gametes." (Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes, 2n to n to allow both parent genes to participate in the offspring without forever amping up the number of chromosomes in the cell). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580713000427 View in LinkedIn

DOUBLE FERTILIZATION. "As implied by the name, the gametophyte generates the gametes, two sperms in the male pollen and a single egg in the female embryo sac." Both sperms are used in a double fertilization event -- one for the egg cell (to make a diploid zygote) -- and the other for the megamametophyte (to make a triploid nucleus of the endosperm). Wow. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580713000427 View in LinkedIn

MAIN BODY FORM. "Plants alternate between two generations—one haploid and the other diploid. In flowering plants, the main plant body forms the “sporophytic” generation, within which highly reduced male and female “gametophyic” generations develop." There are exceptions such as bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), where the gametophyte is the main body form, or ferns where the sporophyte is the main form. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580713000427 View in LinkedIn

PARALLEL IN ANIMALS. "Plant reproductive development thus mirrors that of animals, where the development of viable gametes relies on interactions between soma and germline, for example, between Sry-expressing Sertoli cells and the male germline, preventing an “egg” developmental pathway from being followed." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580713000427 View in LinkedIn

SOMA VS GERMLINE SEGREGATION. "Plants undergo alternation of generation in which reproductive cells develop in the plant body (“sporophytic generation”) and then differentiate into a multicellular gamete-forming “gametophytic generation.” http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580713000427 View in LinkedIn

DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE. “Several different types of non-coding RNAs have been implicated in the DNA damage response. For example, many microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate genes that are involved in the DNA damage response." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2013.00136/full View in LinkedIn

IMPORTANT REVIEW. “Here we will discuss how non-coding RNAs contribute to the relationships among chromatin structure, genomic integrity, and cellular senescence." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2013.00136/full View in LinkedIn

CHROMATIN. “Given the critical role of chromatin in regulating genomic stability and gene expression, it is tempting to speculate that some of the changes in gene expression and genomic integrity that occur during aging may be caused by the global changes to the chromatin structure that accompany aging.” http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2013.00136/full View in LinkedIn

DAMAGE CONTROL. “Genomic stability is closely intertwined with the chromatin structure. The chromatin structure not only regulates the accessibility of DNA damaging agents to the genome, but also plays critical roles in the signaling of DNA lesions and their repair.” http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2013.00136/full View in LinkedIn

DAMAGE. “The accumulation of DNA damage is a hallmark of aging and senescing cells, and the DNA damage signal emanating from shortened telomeres triggers cells to enter a state of senescence.” https://lnkd.in/dKvxxVz View in LinkedIn