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SPARING LIMITED RESOURCES. "As one well-studied example, clonal growth of yeast colonies creates opportunities for strong kin selection and evolution of group-beneficial altruistic traits. PCD could serve at least two altruistic purposes in this context. By dying, a cell may spare nutrient resources for its neighboring kin group." (PCD = programmed cellular death). http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/are-internal-death-promoting-mechanisms-ever-adaptive-2329-9002.1000113.pdf View in LinkedIn

EAM GENES IN PHAGES. "Notably, over half of these domain types share greater amino-acid homology to eukaryotic invertebrates than to bacteria in GenBank." (EAM = eukaryotic association module). https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

UNICELLULAR FITNESS SELECTION. "These is considerable experimental evidence for fitness advantages from POD to clonal kin groups of cells of species usually considered to be ‘unicellular’. These fitness advantages may represent a significant source of selection pressure." (POD = programmed organismal death). http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/are-internal-death-promoting-mechanisms-ever-adaptive-2329-9002.1000113.pdf View in LinkedIn

EUKARYOTIC GENES IN PHAGE. "Together, these genes increase the phage WO genome size by roughly 50% and include 10 types of protein domains with four predicted eukaryotic functions: toxins; host–microbe interactions; host cell suicide; and secretion of proteins through the cell membrane." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

SELECTION FOR GROUP. "There is direct experimental evidence for higher-level benefits associated with POD in unicells. In bacterial species, several studies have compared group-level function in POD-positive versus POD- negative strains." (POD = programmed organismal death). http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/are-internal-death-promoting-mechanisms-ever-adaptive-2329-9002.1000113.pdf View in LinkedIn

EXAPTATIONS OF HOST GENES. "We suggest that the possible acquistion and retooling of intact eukaryotic-like domains in phage WO could be viewed as analogous to the commandeering of host genes by eukaryotic viruses. Whether lateral genetic transfers between metazoans and bacteriophages are common in the symbiotic virosphere remains to be determined." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

NEW GENE SHARING DOMAINS. "The findings here reveal the bacteriophage WO attachment and bacterial integration sites as well as evidence for gene sharing between metazoan hosts and phages of obligate intracellular bacteria." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

PHAGE SUCCESS. "Rather than simply act as virulence factors to benefit their bacterial host, their massive proportion of genomic real estate (up to 60% of the prophage genome) implies that they may be necessary to phage biology and likely have a direct impact on phage propagation." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

DEEP TOOLBOX. "EAM protein domains are prime candidates to aid in functions, including cell lysis (latrotoxin-CTD), manipulation of PCD (NACHT and NB-ARC), host ubiquitination (OTU and Ulp1), insecticidal toxicity (ABC toxin) and interaction with host proteins (ankryin repeats and TPRs)." (EAM = eukaryotic association module). https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

NEW SURVIVAL TOOLS. "Why are these protein domains present in the EAM of bacteriophage WO? Some phages of obligate intracellular bacteria may have to overcome two major challenges not encountered by the well-studied phages of free-living bacteria." (EAM = eukaryotic association module). https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn