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EXAPTATIONS OF HOST GENES. "We suggest that the possible acquistion and retooling of intact eukaryotic-like domains in phage WO could be viewed as analogous to the commandeering of host genes by eukaryotic viruses. Whether lateral genetic transfers between metazoans and bacteriophages are common in the symbiotic virosphere remains to be determined." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

NEW GENE SHARING DOMAINS. "The findings here reveal the bacteriophage WO attachment and bacterial integration sites as well as evidence for gene sharing between metazoan hosts and phages of obligate intracellular bacteria." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

PHAGE SUCCESS. "Rather than simply act as virulence factors to benefit their bacterial host, their massive proportion of genomic real estate (up to 60% of the prophage genome) implies that they may be necessary to phage biology and likely have a direct impact on phage propagation." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

DEEP TOOLBOX. "EAM protein domains are prime candidates to aid in functions, including cell lysis (latrotoxin-CTD), manipulation of PCD (NACHT and NB-ARC), host ubiquitination (OTU and Ulp1), insecticidal toxicity (ABC toxin) and interaction with host proteins (ankryin repeats and TPRs)." (EAM = eukaryotic association module). https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

NEW SURVIVAL TOOLS. "Why are these protein domains present in the EAM of bacteriophage WO? Some phages of obligate intracellular bacteria may have to overcome two major challenges not encountered by the well-studied phages of free-living bacteria." (EAM = eukaryotic association module). https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

LIKELY TIP OF ICEBERG. "We suspect that systematic surveys of phage genomes in intimate host-associated bacteria may uncover a broad range of eukaryotic-like protein domains involved in phage life cycle adaptations and phage–eukaryote interactions." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

LIBERAL GENE TRANSFERS. "Bacteriophage WO frequently transfer between Wolbachia co-infections in the same animal host and to the host genome as part of large transfers of the Wolbachia chromosome." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

KEY FUNCTIONS. "In phage WO, these animal protein domains are central to anti-eukaryotic functions including the black widow latrotoxin, PCD (NACHT), immune evasion (PRANC) and protein–protein interactions." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

MIRROR. "The presence of eukaryotic-like protein domains in bacteriophage genomes is of special note as they curiously mirror eukaryotic genes in large eukaryotic viruses that aid in viral mimicry and manipulation of host processes." https://lnkd.in/dYh3-r4 View in LinkedIn

Ben Jennings on Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation to the supreme court – cartoon https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/picture/2018/oct/07/ben-jennings-on-brett-kavanaughs-confirmation-to-the-supreme-court-cartoon?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn