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PRE-MITOCHONDRIAL. These findings "also suggest that the caspase cystein proteinases may have represented the initial, ancestral core of executioners that allowed the emergence of programmed cell death, prior to the recruitment of mitochondria as essential effectors of the cell death machinery." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

ENERGY SOURCE. "Biological machines require energy that can be provided by catalyzing a chemical reaction of high-energy molecules such as ATP, or by using the energy stored when macromolecules fold and assemble." http://www.pnas.org/content/113/10/2654.full View in LinkedIn

DIVERSIFICATION, COMPLEXITY AND VARIATION. "These findings suggest that the recruitment of caspases and mitochondrial effectors to the cell death machinery may have been subjected not only to increased diversification and complexity, but also to phylogenic variation during the evolution of metazoans." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

NEUTRALIZING DEATH. "The death repressors (Bcl-2/Bcl-XL ¼ ) and their antagonists (Bax/Bak/Bid ¼ ) share the capacity to homodimerize and to neutralize each others through heterodimerization, and, for some of them, to insert through a carboxyterminal hydrophobic transmembrane domain into the outer membrane of intracellular organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

DEATH REPRESSOR AND ANTAGONIST. "In humans and mice, around twenty gene products that are homologues of the cell death repressor Ced-9 and its antagonist Egl-1 (the Bcl-2 family) have been identified, as well as more than ten homologues of the executioner Ced-3 (the caspase family) and at least one homologue of Ced-4 (Apaf-1, or apoptotic protease-activating factor 1)." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn

NO BRIGHT LINE. "Interestingly some unicellular protozoans have developed a primitive form of non-necrotic cell death themselves, which could mean that the idea of an altruistic death for the benefit of genetically identical cells predated the invention of multicellularity." http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcbc245/MCBC245PDFs/Jan31/Huettenbrenner2003.pdf View in LinkedIn

UNICELLULAR programmed cell death and relatives could be the same as organismal death, but many authors thought that this idea did not pass the sniff test. However, surprising new findings have colored this discussion. http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcbc245/MCBC245PDFs/Jan31/Huettenbrenner2003.pdf View in LinkedIn

BIM-BAD-AND-BAX, ET AL. "Many regulators of apoptosis are located in the mitochondrion or in the mitochondrial inter-membrane space (caspases 2, 3, and 9, cytochrome c, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bad, Bax, Bak, Bim, Smac, HtrA2, AIF). However, we do not find these or homologous components (except HtrA) in contemporary bacteria." http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcbc245/MCBC245PDFs/Jan31/Huettenbrenner2003.pdf View in LinkedIn

ADAPTED GENES. "Since evolution never invents new genes but plays variations on old themes by DNA mutations, it is not surprising, that some of the genes involved in metazoan death pathways apparently have evolved from homologues in unicellular organisms, where they originally had different functions." http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcbc245/MCBC245PDFs/Jan31/Huettenbrenner2003.pdf View in LinkedIn

COMMUNITIES OF CELLS NEEDED DEATH. "Together, these two mutually reinforcing views led to the initial acceptance of the idea that the evolutionary origin of genetic programs of cell suicide has been concomitant with the evolutionary origin of multicellular organisms." http://www.nature.com/cdd/journal/v9/n4/full/4400950a.html View in LinkedIn