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REDUCTIVE MODE. "Many if not most major evolving lineages appear to spend much more time in the reductive mode than in the complexification mode. The two regimes seem to differ also qualitatively in that genome reduction seems to occur more or less gradually, in a roughly clock-like manner, whereas genome complexification appears to occur in bursts accompanying evolutionary transitions." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201300037/full View in LinkedIn

NEW VIEW. "Contrary to widespread and perhaps intuitively plausible opinion, genome reduction is a dominant mode of evolution that is more common than genome complexification, at least with respect to the time allotted to these two evolutionary regimes." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201300037/full View in LinkedIn

INCREASING COMPLEXITY. "The biphasic model of evolution...is not all-encompassing as continuous, long-term increase in genome complexity (but not necessarily biological information density) is observed in various lineages, our own history (that is, evolution of vertebrates) being an excellent case in point."" " https://lnkd.in/egqWFZp http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201300037/full View in LinkedIn

TWO PHASES. "The first, innovative phase of evolution is temporally brief, engenders dramatic genomic and phenotypic perturbations, and is linked to population bottlenecks. The second, reductive phase that represents “evolution as usual” is protracted in time, is facilitated by the deletion bias that seems to be a general feature of genome evolution." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201300037/full View in LinkedIn

CLOCKS AND BURSTS. "The findings that in many if not most lineages evolution is dominated by gene (and more generally, DNA) loss that occurs in a roughly clock-like manner whereas gene gain occurs in bursts associated with the emergence of major new groups of organisms imply a biphasic model of evolution." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201300037/full View in LinkedIn

MEIOSIS. "Our own process of reproduction (meiosis) is merely a more complicated version of this, in which just a few cells (sex-cells or germ-line cells) can indefinitely reproduce, while the other cells die after a while." http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/evolage.html View in LinkedIn

IMMORTAL CELL? "Every single-celled organism alive today has been in existence since life began over 3 billion years ago. This is because individual cells do not give birth, they divide. After cell division, the two cells that result are each as old as the single cell that preceded them. The cell does not become younger by dividing. (Although this may not be exactly true). Thus every cell in your body is over 3 billion years old." https://lnkd.in/d4CsfeX View in LinkedIn

IMMORTAL CELLS. "Indeed, it is well-known that primitive organisms (e.g. bacteria, algae, protozoids, ...) are in a sense immortal. That is, when they reproduce (by mere splitting of cells) there is no difference between "parent" and "offspring": both splitted cells continue to survive, and undergo further splits, without any apparent aging or senescence." http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/evolage.html View in LinkedIn

THE WHY NOT? "On the other hand, we might imagine genes stopping the process of aging. There are enough examples of self-repair mechanisms in cells and organisms to suggest that this is possible. Moreover, the fact that genes themselves are immortal should be sufficient to counter any arguments based on uncontrollable deterioration because of the second law of thermodynamics." (Genes have a life cycle too). http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/evolage.html View in LinkedIn

LUCK. "However, mortality depends on at least two different factors: (internal) aging, and (external) perturbations (accidents, diseases, predation, starvation, ...). Though a gene can make its vehicle or carrier stronger, smarter and more resistant, it can never completely eliminate all possible perturbations causing death." http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/evolage.html View in LinkedIn