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DYNAMIC CONSEQUENCE. "Thus, formation of mutant spectra with an abundance of single point mutants (and gradually decreasing proportions of double, triple and multiple mutants) is a necessary consequence of the mutation rate-genome size relationship." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

PROGRESSIVE PROCESS. “Evolution is cumulative, for it has “the power to build new progress on the shoulders of earlier generations of progress”. https://lnkd.in/euEN3Eh View in LinkedIn

PERFECT STORM. "Since the size of RNA viral genomes lies between 3 kb and 33 kb, close to the inverse of the mutation rate, it is thought that it is unlikely to produce progeny RNAs identical to the parental genome even within the confined limits of a single replicative unit (each one of the replication complexes) within a single infected cell." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

MASSIVE MUTATION RATE. "Mutation rates have been estimated by independent genetic and biochemical approaches to be in the range of 10(−3) – 10(−5) mutations introduced per nucleotide copied, almost a million-fold higher than standard mutation rates operating on cellular DNA. This difference led Holland et al. to emphasize in a seminal paper a number of disease implications of a rapidly evolving RNA world immersed in a far more static cellular DNA world." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

KEY DRIVERS OF SWARMS. "Two key parameters that explain the biological relevance of the rapid formation of mutant swarms during viral replication are the rate at which mutations are introduced during RNA genome copying, and the genome size." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

REPLICATION ERRORS. "The match between events at the cellular and epidemiological level lies in the error-prone replicative machinery that manifests in every environment in which viruses multiply." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

MUTANT PANDEMICS. "Mutant swarms are established within single infected cells and cell clusters and in infected organisms during disease episodes, outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

MILLIONS OF PROGENY. "RNA viruses have tremendous reproductive capacity, generating thousands of progeny per genome. Despite frequent bottleneck events, a total population of millions of viruses in an infected host is not uncommon." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

GIANT POPULATIONS. "An important aspect of the quasispecies concept is that the large size of virus populations enables positive and negative interactions between individual viruses to establish a quasi-equilibrium of the variant proportions. Genetic variation is generated by the accumulation of mutations during replication and their re-arrangement by genetic recombination, and genome segment reassortment in the case of segmented genomes." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn

DARWINIAN VIEW. "Viral quasispecies are currently defined as collections of closely related viral genomes subjected to a continuous process of genetic variation, competition among the variants generated, and selection of the most fit distributions in a given environment." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042682215001580 View in LinkedIn