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EXCEPTIONAL GROUP. “Variations in prokaryotic genomes are rare except in the proteobacteria-derived genomes of mitochondria, where the universal code is almost never used. This contrasts with almost no known changes in the cyanobacteria-derived plastids, which may reflect deeper differences in the way mitochondrial genomes evolve, perhaps rooted in a high rate of substitution.” https://lnkd.in/d87ZWbH View in LinkedIn

RANDOMLY MUTATING. "But is not genetic programming stochastic by nature? Although it operates on algorithms, it does not find these algorithms through its own algorithms--it finds them by randomly mutating and genetically crossing other patterns." https://lnkd.in/etiQ6T7 View in LinkedIn

FROZEN FORMAT. “So the code was not always thus, but once it was established before the last universal common ancestor of all extant life it has remained under very powerful selective constraints that kept the code frozen in nearly all genomes that subsequently diversified.” https://lnkd.in/d87ZWbH View in LinkedIn

DIGITAL BIOTA. "The forms of digital biota emerging in Cyberspace. Much of these biota are actually pretty simple mathematical rule sets that mimic living processes. But perhaps real life is just an matter of the scale of complexity. As these simple forms grow into more complex systems feeding off computer resources and our attention spans, perhaps we will some day see something really "alive" and really digital." https://lnkd.in/d8s-JuN View in LinkedIn

THE GREAT MISHMASH. “The ‘frozen accident’, as it was described by Crick, that ultimately emerged is certainly non-random, but is more of a mishmash than an elegant plan, which led to new ideas about how the code may have evolved in a series of steps from simpler codes with fewer amino acids.” https://lnkd.in/d87ZWbH View in LinkedIn

FREE WILL. "Meta-Genetic Programming is the proposed meta learning technique of evolving a genetic programming system using genetic programming itself. It suggests that chromosomes, crossover, and mutation were themselves evolved, therefore like their real life counterparts should be allowed to change on their own rather than being determined by a human programmer." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_programming View in LinkedIn

PARASITE VARIANT. “The latest such variant, discovered in a trypanosomatid (protist) symbiont of an insect by fossicking through symbiont sequences ‘contaminating’ the insect’s transcriptome. This non-canonical code is not only new and different, but also special because it may provide a glimpse into the intermediate stages of one of the rarest of changes in biology.” https://lnkd.in/d87ZWbH View in LinkedIn

FIXED STRINGS. "Although a substantial amount of research has been performed on variable-length strings and other structures, the majority of work with genetic algorithms is focussed on fixed-length character strings." http://www6.uniovi.es/ftp/pub/EC/FAQ/www/Q1_1.htm View in LinkedIn

ORIGIN INSIGHTS. “The nature of these non-canonical codes, as well as their distribution on the tree of life, give us a few insights into how translation may have originated, deep differences between translation systems in use today, and what forces keep the code so conserved.” https://lnkd.in/d87ZWbH View in LinkedIn

CANONICAL. “But the universal code is not quite universal — it is perhaps the most conserved feature of molecular biology, but even still some variants do exist (for which reason I prefer the term ‘canonical’ over ‘universal’).” https://lnkd.in/d87ZWbH View in LinkedIn