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UNEXPECTED COMBINATIONS. "A single-celled bacterium is alive, but if you separate the macromolecules that combined to create the bacterium, these units are not alive. Based on our knowledge of macromolecules, we would not have been able to predict that they could combine to form a living organism, nor could we have predicted all of the characteristics of the resulting bacterium." https://lnkd.in/epkJVpt View in LinkedIn

PRIMORDIAL SOUP TRANSITIONS. "This model describes the chemical reactions of a primitive metabolic system and the spatial interactions of simple amphiphilic molecules which organize into membrane-like structures. The results demonstrate the emergence of dynamic three-dimensional cellular structures from a “primordial soup”, and a variety of self-maintaining structures may be observed, depending on initial conditions." https://lnkd.in/dmwYs4u View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL CHEMISTRY. "We present a novel unit of evolution: a self-reproducing cell in a two-dimensional artificial chemistry. The cells have a strip of genetic material that is used to produce enzymes, each catalyzing a specific reaction that may affect the survival of the cell." https://lnkd.in/dy97KSa View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR FITNESS. "A simplified model of Darwinian evolution at the molecular level is studied by applying the methods of artificial chemistry. A chemical reactor (chemostat) contains molecules that are represented by binary strings, the strings being capable of replication with a probability proportional to their fitness. Moreover, the process of replication is not fully precise, sporadic mutations may produce new offspring strings, which are slightly different from their parent templates." https://lnkd.in/dS48CSs View in LinkedIn

BUILDING PROTOCELLS. "Efforts to bridge nonliving and living matter and develop protocells from scratch will rely on bottom-up self assembly with commensurate self organization of classes of molecules." https://lnkd.in/d7dZrnq View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL CHEMISTRY. "This paper gives details of Squirm3, a new artificial environment based on a simple physics and chemistry that supports self-replicating molecules somewhat similar to DNA. These self-replicators emerge spontaneously from a random soup given the right conditions. Interactions between the replicators can result in mutated versions that can out-perform their parents." https://lnkd.in/dXZQRVS View in LinkedIn

DRY CHEMISTRY. "Simulating tens of thousands of atoms for days to weeks on a commodity cluster will produce a number of nanoseconds of real-time equivalent chemistry." https://lnkd.in/d7dZrnq View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL CHEMISTRIES, a valuable overview for those interested. https://lnkd.in/dMJQS4i View in LinkedIn

IN SILICO CHEMISTRY. "The richness of biological life has never been replicated in our artificial models of evolution.' He gave four rather abstract requirements for systems to display open-ended evolution, where entities of increasing complexity and diversity are produced without limit.” https://lnkd.in/dXZQRVS View in LinkedIn

RARE EVENTS. "Occasionally a mutant causes a “cascade” of new molecules by triggering a sequence of new unseen molecules that quickly dominate the population." https://lnkd.in/dryBAUG View in LinkedIn