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TRANSIENT SPECIES. "The mutation rate delivers a mean time of 18,700 time steps for the creation of new molecular species. The majority of these new mutations are not “fixed” in the population and go extinct very quickly. Occasionally a new species arises that has some advantage over the current dominant species." https://lnkd.in/dryBAUG View in LinkedIn

"NANOBACTERIA-LIKE PARTICLES obtained from human blood are able to withstand high doses of γ-irradiation up to 30 kGy, and no bacterial DNA is found by performing broad-range PCR amplifications." https://lnkd.in/dvNtRzz View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR DOMINANCE. "More interestingly, we repeatedly observe the emergence of a molecular species that does not self-replicate but drives evolution to a state where the system is dominated for a long period by two co-dependent replicase species that are not self-maintaining. This is a catalytic hypercycle." https://lnkd.in/dryBAUG View in LinkedIn

RAIDING MUTANTS. "In an RNA-world analogue, such as the chemistry we present here, a molecule can act as both template and machine. Initially, two identical molecules come together, with one acting as the machine which makes a copy of the other. Mutants that are better templates subsequently sweep through the population, replacing the initial molecular species." https://lnkd.in/dryBAUG View in LinkedIn

EMERGENT SURPRISES. "We have developed an artificial chemistry that allows self-maintaining molecular systems to mutate and exhibit innovative behaviour. We ran 1,000 open-ended trials and observed an unexpectedly wide range of emergent phenomena, with many parallels to biological systems." https://lnkd.in/dryBAUG View in LinkedIn

"THE SWARM CHEMISTRY world has become capable of producing fully autonomous ecological and evolutionary behaviors of self-organized “super-organisms” made of a number of swarming particles. With a finite amount of resources (i.e., fixed number of particles) provided in a closed environment, we have observed behaviors of those macroscopic patterns that could be interpreted in ecological/evolutionary terms, such as reproduction, chasing, and predation, all emerging out of local interactions among individual particles." https://lnkd.in/dZz238a View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR MACHINES. "A class of artificial molecular machines consisting of folded and interconnected chains of basic artificial molecule constituents is described. Such machines are shown capable of carrying out any effective computational procedure. They can also produce molecule strings which are coded descriptions of themselves." https://lnkd.in/dhk_qd9 View in LinkedIn

SWARM CHEMISTRY. "We propose swarm chemistry a new artificial chemistry framework that uses artificial swarm populations as chemical reactants. Reaction in swarm chemistry is not determined by predefined reaction rules as commonly assumed in typical artificial chemistry studies, but is spontaneously achieved by the emergence of a new spatiotemporal pattern of collective behavior through the kinetic interaction between multiple chemical species.” https://lnkd.in/d4tbDm9 View in LinkedIn

SWARM BEHAVIORS. "Swarm Chemistry is a system devised by Sayama to model and simulate the behavior of groups of, for example, fish and ants." It can also be used for modeling evolving interacting particles. https://lnkd.in/d7dSPqh View in LinkedIn

SWARM INTELLIGENCE. "The collective intelligence of groups of simple agents... Autonomy, emergence and distributed functioning replace control, preprogramming and centralization." https://lnkd.in/dNa8D-D View in LinkedIn