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CODON AMPLIFICATION. "There are 21 possible results from each codon. The one “start” codon encodes one amino acid; 60 different codons encode another 19 amino acids; and three codons encode “stop”. The 3 billion base pairs would be grouped into 1 billion codons, and each codon has 21 possible meanings. So that would be 21^(1 billion) sequences of amino acids." https://lnkd.in/eq-g674 View in LinkedIn

VIRTUAL TEXTS. "The continuum that bridges distributed bodies with the recombinant communicative and associative functionality of technology is charged with the potential of extending humankind’s ability to experience, generate, operate on, store, edit, and disseminate meaningful patterns of experience." (What a sentence!) https://lnkd.in/dCVHq5S View in LinkedIn

"CODONS are triplet codes that comprise the genetic code. They consist of a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides. In total, there are 64 unique codons that can be translated into 20 amino acids that bind together to create proteins in the human body.” https://lnkd.in/d_jwvPr View in LinkedIn

BITS OF INFORMATION. "For simplicity, let’s say that each gene is either suppressed, or not, in the epigenome. That would be a binary choice for each gene. Most humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. Let’s say the average is about 2^22,500 more choices. Therefore human DNA genome encodes 4^(3 billion) = 2^(6 billion) choices, or 6 billion bits of information. The epigenome encodes at least 2^22,500 choices, or 22,500 bits. The total information is 6,000,022,500 bits, or approximately 6 Gb (gigabits)." https://lnkd.in/eq-g674 View in LinkedIn

"HUMAN DNA has approximately 3 billion base pairs, according to the National Human Genome Research Institute. That means 4^3,000,000,000 possible base sequences." https://lnkd.in/eq-g674 View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this first of two weekends contemplating the simplicity that underlies the complexity in nature. From genes to proteins, this seems to be the rule. From the small number of elements to the vast number of compounds, this again holds true. It is intuitive that this is how nature must be organized. But the big jumps come when the whole is greater than the sum of the parts (Euclid) through the phenomena of emergence. View in LinkedIn

TREMBLAYA BACTERIA use ancient bacterial genes horizontally transferred to the host mealybug in order to have a tiny genome. In other words, its ancestors parked its genes in the host to achieve simplicity. "With only 120 genes, its genome is the smallest known and smaller than many scientists consider necessary for life." https://lnkd.in/dyPjkcB View in LinkedIn

THIRTY PERCENT OF UNKNOWN FUNCTION. "Astoundingly, Venter says that his team could not identify the function of 149 of the genes in syn3.0’s genome, many of which are found in other life forms, including humans. “We don’t know about a third of essential life, and we’re trying to sort that out now." https://lnkd.in/eFyYj-B View in LinkedIn

SMALLEST ARTIFICIAL GENE SET. "In a 1995 Science paper, Venter’s team sequenced the genome of Mycoplasma genitalium, a sexually transmitted microbe with the smallest genome of any known free-living organism, and mapped its 470 genes. By inactivating genes one by one and testing to see whether the bacterium could still function, the group slimmed this list down to 375 genes that seemed essential." https://lnkd.in/eFyYj-B View in LinkedIn

SMALLEST NATURAL GENE SET. "The complete sequence of the 580 kb M. genitalium genome; it encodes a mere 480 proteins." https://lnkd.in/dsXKSjN View in LinkedIn