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"MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS: the agents of open source evolution." MGEs move DNA that codes proteins between genomes. (Brilliant review). https://lnkd.in/dc9JRew View in LinkedIn

"THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS that make up proteins have thousands of atoms and hence millions of possible inter-atomic interactions. It might be supposed that the resulting complexity would make prediction of protein structure and protein-folding mechanisms nearly impossible." https://lnkd.in/dip7EJJ View in LinkedIn

RECOMBINANT COMPUTING. "Interoperability among a group of devices, applications, and services is typically predicated on those entities having some degree of prior knowledge of each another.” https://lnkd.in/dJu-E5i View in LinkedIn

FINITE SIZE RANGE. "Proteins exist in a finite range of sizes with a limited amino acid alphabet. We find that these restrictions set an intrinsic limit to designing protein interfaces that can bind selectively to target proteins, while remaining relatively repulsive to all other protein interfaces." https://lnkd.in/eTyvTV7 View in LinkedIn

MONKEYS, TYPEWRITERS AND SHAKESPEARE. "How many random variants of these 66 characters will compile? How many will link and execute at all, or execute without fatal errors? Assuming that our program has already been written, what is the chance of evolving it into another, more complex program that will compile, link, execute and produce meaningful output?" https://lnkd.in/dZqxxrU View in LinkedIn

C LANGUAGE COMBINATIONS. "To get a feel for this number, it is estimated that there are about 10^80 subatomic particles in the known universe, so there are as many 66-character combinations in our example as there are subatomic particles in 10 trillion universes. There are about 4 x 10^17 seconds in the history of the universe, assuming that the universe is 13 billion years old." https://lnkd.in/dZqxxrU View in LinkedIn

COMPUTER LANGUAGE. "The C language uses almost every character on the keyboard, but to be generous in my calculations I’ll only assume that we need the 26 lower-case alpha characters. How many 66-character combinations are there? The answer is 26 raised to the 66th power, or 26^66. That’s roughly 2.4 x 10^93 (10^93 is 1 followed by 93 zeros)." https://lnkd.in/dZqxxrU View in LinkedIn

AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS. "Computer vision, the combination of deep learning and reinforcement learning, natural language interfaces, and question-answering systems are all building blocks to make a physical system autonomous and interactive. Building these autonomous systems today is as much about integrating these methods as inventing new ones." https://lnkd.in/d4R2gad View in LinkedIn

"MACHINE INTELLIGENCE in the virtual world. This time we’re seeing it in the physical world, in the many flavors of autonomous systems: self-driving cars, autopilot drones, robots that can perform dynamic tasks without every action being hard coded. It’s still very early days—most of these systems are just barely useful, though we expect that to change quickly." https://lnkd.in/d4R2gad View in LinkedIn

"DATA TO ACTIONS. Our learning machine doesn’t just recognize one type of input, it comprehends relationships between all inputs. With an insatiable thirst for data, the AI-powered research engine distills potent insights from an ocean of information so that you can make the best–informed decisions possible. We examine data from every angle. We bombard it with hypotheses. We tweak it on every dimension. We squeeze out the most relevant insights. Often ones you didn’t know existed." https://lnkd.in/dDgxbbq View in LinkedIn