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TREMBLAYA BACTERIA use ancient bacterial genes horizontally transferred to the host mealybug in order to have a tiny genome. In other words, its ancestors parked its genes in the host to achieve simplicity. "With only 120 genes, its genome is the smallest known and smaller than many scientists consider necessary for life." https://lnkd.in/dyPjkcB View in LinkedIn

THIRTY PERCENT OF UNKNOWN FUNCTION. "Astoundingly, Venter says that his team could not identify the function of 149 of the genes in syn3.0’s genome, many of which are found in other life forms, including humans. “We don’t know about a third of essential life, and we’re trying to sort that out now." https://lnkd.in/eFyYj-B View in LinkedIn

SMALLEST ARTIFICIAL GENE SET. "In a 1995 Science paper, Venter’s team sequenced the genome of Mycoplasma genitalium, a sexually transmitted microbe with the smallest genome of any known free-living organism, and mapped its 470 genes. By inactivating genes one by one and testing to see whether the bacterium could still function, the group slimmed this list down to 375 genes that seemed essential." https://lnkd.in/eFyYj-B View in LinkedIn

SMALLEST NATURAL GENE SET. "The complete sequence of the 580 kb M. genitalium genome; it encodes a mere 480 proteins." https://lnkd.in/dsXKSjN View in LinkedIn

JUMPING CODE. "Mobile code can also download and execute in the client workstation via email. Mobile code may download via an email attachment (e.g., macro in a Word file) or via an HTML email body (e.g., JavaScript). For example, the ILOVEYOU, TRUELOVE, and AnnaK email viruses/worms all were implemented as mobile code." https://lnkd.in/dZ5JPXK View in LinkedIn

MINIMAL NUMBER OF GENES. "Over the years, a number of experiments have been undertaken to approximate the number of essential genes within various model organisms. Most often this was done through the generation of a set of mutations that were subsequently classified with respect to lethality." https://lnkd.in/dsXKSjN View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES. "Transposable elements (TEs), also known as "jumping genes," are DNA sequences that move from one location on the genome to another. For example, TEs make up approximately 50% of the human genome and up to 90% of the maize genome." https://lnkd.in/GEpmJN View in LinkedIn

SIMPLER FOLDING. "But the fundamental physics underlying folding may be much simpler than this complexity would lead us to expect: folding rates and mechanisms appear to be largely determined by the topology of the native (folded) state." https://lnkd.in/dip7EJJ View in LinkedIn

"MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS: the agents of open source evolution." MGEs move DNA that codes proteins between genomes. (Brilliant review). https://lnkd.in/dc9JRew View in LinkedIn

"THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS that make up proteins have thousands of atoms and hence millions of possible inter-atomic interactions. It might be supposed that the resulting complexity would make prediction of protein structure and protein-folding mechanisms nearly impossible." https://lnkd.in/dip7EJJ View in LinkedIn