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GENE REGULATION. "Thyroid hormone regulates a wide range of genes after its activation from the prohormone, thyroxine (T4), to the active form, triiodothyronine (T3). The signaling pathway is complex and highly regulated due to the expression of cell and tissue-specific thyroid hormone transporters, multiple thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms, and interactions with corepressors and coactivators." https://lnkd.in/dcWUepm View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend and concludes this weekend on the theme of flatfish asymmetry. Last weekend’s focus was morphological, while this weekend is focused more on the physiology and genetics of these creatures. Nature can be heartlessly indifferent. The fate of these poor souls is to be born, then to be wrenched sideways so that every organ and every cell is restructured as a newly fledged juvenile. It seems such a gratuitous afterthought to do this after it leaves the heroic maneuvers of the egg in development, a double dose of massive cell migration and destruction. View in LinkedIn

ACTING AS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. "The endocrine system and in particular the thyroid hormones (THs), thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), play a central role in vertebrate metamorphosis acting as transcription factors (TFs) when they bind to their receptors." https://lnkd.in/du68ipH View in LinkedIn

“COMPLEXITY has been defined by Kennedy et al. as: “The interaction of many parts of a system, giving rise to behaviours and/or properties that are not found in the individual elements of the system”. Or as Wolfram put it: “It is possible to make things of great complexity out of things that are very simple. There is no conservation of simplicity”. https://lnkd.in/dRvnSMk View in LinkedIn

THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS "are expressed in cartilage and presumptive osteoblasts of Japanese flounder larvae, and asymmetric sensitivity to thyroid hormone in flatfish could, in principle, be regulated by differential expression of thyroid hormone receptor levels or isoforms, transcriptional coregulators, or types I, II or III deiodinase activity." https://lnkd.in/d9EMwRb View in LinkedIn

DEFINED. “Emergence is closely related to the concepts of ‘complexity’ and ‘self-organisation’ . Including both of these concepts, Goldstein defines emergence as...the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems.” https://lnkd.in/dRvnSMk View in LinkedIn

THYROXIN MORPHS. "Interestingly, the occurrence of bilaterally symmetrical flatfish variants in aquaculture has been reported, and symmetrical variants appear similar to symmetrical spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus) juveniles that were artificially produced by treating early pre-metamorphic larvae with thyroxin." https://lnkd.in/d9EMwRb View in LinkedIn

BOT SWARM EMERGENCE. “In simple terms, emergence is behaviour at the global level that was not programmed in at the individual level and cannot be readily explained based on behaviour at the individual level.” https://lnkd.in/dRvnSMk View in LinkedIn

EYE MIGRATION AND HORMONES. "Treatment of pre-metamorphic larvae with triiodothyronine (T3) induced bilaterally symmetrical condensation of both frontal bones and symmetrical resorption of both SBs. Eye migration in these larvae is inhibited." https://lnkd.in/d9EMwRb View in LinkedIn

FEEDING CHANGES. "In amphibians the change in feeding habit from herbivore to carnivore during the transition from tadpole to frog is associated with thyroid hormone driven remodelling of the intestine that changes from a long coiled tube into a complex differentiated organ." https://lnkd.in/du68ipH View in LinkedIn