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RANDOM MUTATION ENGINE. "Polymorphic viruses are very complex and difficult viruses to detect because it can take many forms. Polymorphic virus uses the mutation engine that generates randomized decryption routines. These routines change each time the virus infects a new victim." https://lnkd.in/dkj4vxW View in LinkedIn

GENE IMPACT. "The working hypothesis of the present study is that since thyroid hormones exert their action by binding to thyroid receptors that are ligand activated thyroid hormones the overt change in flatfish during metamorphosis will be preceded by significant modifications in the transcriptome of responsive tissues.” https://lnkd.in/du68ipH View in LinkedIn

MALWARE. "Malicious programmers have sought to protect their encrypted code from this virus-scanning strategy by rewriting the unencrypted decryption engine (and the resulting encrypted payload) each time the virus or worm is propagated. Anti-virus software uses sophisticated pattern analysis to find underlying patterns within the different mutations of the decryption engine, in hopes of reliably detecting such malware." https://lnkd.in/dZPjiRS View in LinkedIn

THYROID HORMONE DISRUPTERS. "Chemical disruption of the thyroid axis using thiourea or methimazole (MMI) delays or stops stomach development in the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and otolith mineralization in the Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). The importance of thyroid hormones during metamorphosis is further emphasized in other flatfish species where they have been shown to be important for the maturation of the muscle, stomach and skin." https://lnkd.in/du68ipH View in LinkedIn

POLYMORPHIC CODE. "In computer terminology, polymorphic code is code that uses a polymorphic engine to mutate while keeping the original algorithm intact. That is, the code changes itself each time it runs, but the function of the code (its semantics) will not change at all. For example, 1+3 and 6-2 both achieve the same result while using different code. This technique is sometimes used by computer viruses, shellcodes and computer worms to hide their presence." https://lnkd.in/dZPjiRS View in LinkedIn

IT ONLY TAKES ONE MUTATION to cause lethal diseases in the worst case. Equally, generic variation can add to fitness. 175 mutations per generation is a game of Russian Roulette. https://lnkd.in/dSzSV3z View in LinkedIn

DUPLICATE EXACTNESS. "From cell division to cell division, the error rate for DNA polymerase combined with other repair enzymes is about 1 mistake in 1 billion base pairs copied. At this rate, there are about 6 mistakes with each diploid cell replication event. With a male/female average of 29 mitotic divisions before the production of the next generation, this works out to be about 175 mutations per generation." https://lnkd.in/dSzSV3z View in LinkedIn

EXACTLY PUT. "Since most estimates of the size of the diploid human genome run around 6.3 billion base pairs, this mutation rate would give the average child around 277 mutational differences from his or her parents." https://lnkd.in/dSzSV3z View in LinkedIn

EUKARYOTIC MUTATION RATE. "The average mutation rate for eukaryotes in general was, until fairly recently, estimated to be about 2.2 x 10-9 mutations per base pair per year. With a 20 year average generation time for humans, this works out to be around 4.4 x 10-8 mutations per base pair per generation." https://lnkd.in/dSzSV3z View in LinkedIn

DNA MUTATION RATES. "Real time experiments have shown that average mitochondrial genome mutation rates are around 6 x 10-8 mut/site/mitochondrial generation - in line with various estimates of average bacterial mutation rates (Compare with nDNA rate of 4.4 x 10-8 mut/site/human generation). With an average generation time of 45 days, that's about 5 x 10-6 mut/site/year and 5 mut/site/myr." https://lnkd.in/dSzSV3z View in LinkedIn