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MOLECULAR COEVOLUTION. "Functional mimicry of host molecules (for example, Salmonella SptP mimicking host GAP enzymes or, commonly, mimicry to evade the immune response) also raises the possibility of molecule-for-molecule co-evolution, although there is not yet evidence that hosts do, or can, respond by evading the mimics." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE. "The evidence for co-evolution discussed so far is phenomenological; an alternative approach is to look for evidence for co-evolution at the biochemical level." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

UNFAIR ADVANTAGE. "As a consequence, mutations in the evolved host genomes that confer resistance to parasites occur at high rates, which help the coevolved hosts outrun their parasites. Our experiments with an artificial system demonstrate how the naturally ubiquitous process of coevolution can promote complexity and favor evolvability." (In silico studies). https://lnkd.in/dUUFYJe View in LinkedIn

BOOSTING EVOLVABILITY IN HOSTS. "We demonstrated that coevolution promotes complexity and dissected how it does so. Instead of simple escalation, we found that a diversity of coevolving lineages must arise for coevolution to drive complex traits. Surprisingly, coevolution had a second effect; it promoted the evolution of more evolvable hosts." (In silico modeling). https://lnkd.in/dUUFYJe View in LinkedIn

NICHE CONSTRUCTION. "The phenomenon of a species creating an important aspect of its environment and stably transmitting this environment across generations, known as niche construction, is a widespread form of epigenetic transmission. Niche construction includes gene–environment coevolution, because a genetically induced environmental regularity becomes the basis for genetic selection, and gene mutations that give rise to novel niche elements will survive if they are fitness-enhancing for their constructors." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1566/878 View in LinkedIn

DEEP INTERCONNECTEDNESS. "Clearly, a host population cannot evolve in response to selection pressure from one pathogen population without affecting the selection pressures imposed by other pathogens, and a pathogen population cannot evolve in response to selection pressure from one host population without affecting the selection pressures imposed by other host populations." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

SOCIAL COEVOLUTION. "Organisms can directly transmit environmental artifacts to the next generation, in the form of such constructs as beaver dams, bee hives and even social structures (e.g. mating and hunting practices)." https://lnkd.in/dtbdtdb View in LinkedIn

HOST SWITCHING. "Although empirical support for this comes from brood parasites rather than pathogens, many viruses can exploit different host cell receptors, and this can be associated with host switching, thereby demonstrating a potential for co-evolution involving multiple host species. But only certain pathogens may be capable of infecting multiple hosts; for example, viruses that use receptors conserved across different host taxa tend to have broader host ranges." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

PROMOTING THE DIFFICULT. "Our results show that coevolution can produce dynamic fitness landscapes in which populations are more evolvable than they would otherwise be. As a consequence, coevolutionary dynamics may promote some key innovations and other hard-to-reach adaptations." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE. "Having multiple hosts may mean reduced selection pressure for a pathogen to co-evolve with any one host. If a pathogen can more easily evolve infectivity to a novel host than evade the resistance selected for in an existing host, this favors host switching." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn