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PROMOTING THE DIFFICULT. "Our results show that coevolution can produce dynamic fitness landscapes in which populations are more evolvable than they would otherwise be. As a consequence, coevolutionary dynamics may promote some key innovations and other hard-to-reach adaptations." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE. "Having multiple hosts may mean reduced selection pressure for a pathogen to co-evolve with any one host. If a pathogen can more easily evolve infectivity to a novel host than evade the resistance selected for in an existing host, this favors host switching." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

THWARTED PATHS. "It is not difficult to imagine that coevolution might sometimes block certain adaptive paths." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

PERSISTENCE. "Dynamic polymorphisms involve fluctuations in allele frequencies caused by selection and are inherently persistent, although fixation can occur as a result of genetic drift." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

HOST SMOKE SCREEN. "We demonstrated how the host’s coevolution led to varied, and sometimes even opposite, effects on the relative fitness of different virus genotypes." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

MOVING TARGET. "Improvements in adsorption were offset, in large part, by the evolution of host resistance, which occurred by reduced expression of LamB, the usual receptor for l. As a consequence of host coevolution, the adaptive landscape of the virus changed such that selection favouring four of the six virus intermediates became stronger after the host evolved resistance, thereby accelerating virus populations along the path to using the new OmpF receptor." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

INTERMEDIATE GENEALOGIES. "Here, we examine how this innovation evolved by studying six intermediate genotypes of l isolated during independent transitions to exploit OmpF and comparing them to their ancestor. All six intermediates showed large increases in their adsorption rates on the ancestral host." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

COMPLEX DOCKING OBJECTIVE. "We sought to understand how the adaptive landscape led to an innovation whereby bacteriophage l evolved the new ability to exploit a receptor, OmpF, on Escherichia coli cells. Previous work showed that this ability evolved repeatedly, despite requiring four mutations in one virus gene." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

INTERMEDIATE FITNESS REQUIRED. "By contrast, the evolution of a new function will be slower and more difficult, although not impossible, if any of the requisite intermediates have lower fitness than their progenitors." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

TRANSITORY INTERMEDIATE GENOTYPES. "If each intermediate genotype leading to the new function is more fit than its immediate predecessor, then the new function can evolve readily, even if the fitness benefits do not accrue from the new function per se." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn