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DEEP INTERCONNECTEDNESS. "Clearly, a host population cannot evolve in response to selection pressure from one pathogen population without affecting the selection pressures imposed by other pathogens, and a pathogen population cannot evolve in response to selection pressure from one host population without affecting the selection pressures imposed by other host populations." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

SOCIAL COEVOLUTION. "Organisms can directly transmit environmental artifacts to the next generation, in the form of such constructs as beaver dams, bee hives and even social structures (e.g. mating and hunting practices)." https://lnkd.in/dtbdtdb View in LinkedIn

HOST SWITCHING. "Although empirical support for this comes from brood parasites rather than pathogens, many viruses can exploit different host cell receptors, and this can be associated with host switching, thereby demonstrating a potential for co-evolution involving multiple host species. But only certain pathogens may be capable of infecting multiple hosts; for example, viruses that use receptors conserved across different host taxa tend to have broader host ranges." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

PROMOTING THE DIFFICULT. "Our results show that coevolution can produce dynamic fitness landscapes in which populations are more evolvable than they would otherwise be. As a consequence, coevolutionary dynamics may promote some key innovations and other hard-to-reach adaptations." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/283/1839/20161528.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE. "Having multiple hosts may mean reduced selection pressure for a pathogen to co-evolve with any one host. If a pathogen can more easily evolve infectivity to a novel host than evade the resistance selected for in an existing host, this favors host switching." https://lnkd.in/d3-W8NW View in LinkedIn

SILENT MUTATIONS. "Mutations are errors in codons caused by changes in nucleotide bases. Some mutations may not have much effect. For example, if the codon GAA becomes the codon GAG, because the genetic code is degenerate, the codon will still code for the amino acid glutamate. Such ineffectual mutations are called silent mutations." http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/molecular/geneticcode/section3.rhtml View in LinkedIn

"MUTATION is a permanent change in the sequence of DNA. In order for an observable effect, mutations must occur in gene exons or regulatory elements. Changes in the non-coding regions of DNA (introns and junk DNA) generally do not affect function." https://lnkd.in/dm-wZh5 View in LinkedIn

CODE TRANSMISSION in any system is prone to errors. What happens with these new mutations? Chimpanzees, Shakespeare, and typewriters? Is it not similar to having random mutations inserted into DNA? View in LinkedIn

DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING. "Instead of sitting idle, a SETI@home computer executes the SETI program, which crunches data from radio signals coming from the Arecibo telescope in Puerto Rico. Individually, the computers are unimpressive — but collectively, they make up the world's most powerful distributed supercomputer." https://lnkd.in/dh6PrEg View in LinkedIn

NETWORKED POWER. "There's nothing new about networked computers concurrently solving complex tasks. The most famous and largest example of such distributed computing is the SETI@home project, where nearly 3 million owners of Internet-connected computers voluntarily execute the SETI program for the project (https://lnkd.in/dZsGdiR)." http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/ View in LinkedIn