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"LIFE CYCLE COMPLEXIFICATION is likely to originate, preferentially, in a less predictable and less stable, perhaps seasonally changing environment. This is the context where the extensive variation in external conditions is likely to release extensive polyphenic responses." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

SWITCH FIXATION. "We can expect that even after genetic fixation of a developmental switch, its expression may still depend on the availability of generic cues. This is what is found in many embryonic and post-embryonic developmental sequences, when examining conspecific larvae exposed to different environmental cues, or through comparisons of the larvae of closely related species." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

WHAT-A-SENTENCE. "If an animal's complex life cycle derives from diachronic fixation of the alternative phenotypes originally expressed as polyphenisms, this historical continuity is likely to have left an imprint in the internal mechanisms that mediate the most conspicuous developmental changes, as at metamorphosis." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

RARE REVERSIBILITY. "Also, the probability that this sequence will occasionally reverse will probably vanish soon, as demonstrated by the life cycles of most animal species. Exceptions to this rule are indeed extremely rare. Best known is the case of the hydrozoan Turritopsis nutricula, where a medusa, under certain conditions, is able to revert to a polyp." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

TEMPORAL SEQUENCES. "In this way, a series of different, sequentially realized alternative phenotypes compatible with the animal's genome, but individually expressed in the presence of different transcription patterns, will gradually evolve towards a strictly controlled temporal sequence of developmental stages." http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1540/631.short View in LinkedIn

PROGRAMMING EMERGENT PROPERTIES. "Banzhaf provides a concrete illustration of emergence in genetic programming: the growth of repetitive patterns within programs as their evolution proceeds. He conjectures “that these patterns are emergent, a result of the presence of downward causation realized through selection.” https://lnkd.in/evQa8-H View in LinkedIn

AUTONOMOUS. "Because of the opportunistic nature of empirical credit assignment, the evolved genetic programs are often complex, unreadable and incorporate programming practices that are distinct from strategies used by humans." BINGO! http://scholar.google.es/scholar_url?url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.15.5594%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&hl=en&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm0J-z_xL5_kjwEhLP0aVOrhbAtTfA&nossl=1&oi=scholarr&ved=0ahUKEwi3wpKxxs_MAhXG2B4KHXRODt0QgAMICigBMAA View in LinkedIn

REPEAT SEQUENCES. "Biological chromosomes are replete with repetitive sequences, micro satellites, SSR tracts, ALU, etc. in their DNA base sequences. We started looking for similar phenomena in evolutionary computation. First studies find copious repeated sequences, which can be hierarchical decomposed into shorter sequences, in programs evolved using both homologous and two point crossover but not with headless chicken crossover or other mutations." https://lnkd.in/eABn2vx View in LinkedIn

PROGRAMMING INTRONS. "The emergence of introns in genetic programing happen as a natural consequence of the dynamics. The superfluous components provide no benefit in terms of fitness to the program but “ride along” with the subtrees they surround." http://scholar.google.es/scholar_url?url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.15.5594%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&hl=en&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm0J-z_xL5_kjwEhLP0aVOrhbAtTfA&nossl=1&oi=scholarr&ved=0ahUKEwi3wpKxxs_MAhXG2B4KHXRODt0QgAMICigBMAA View in LinkedIn

NONCODING DNA. "Biologists have discovered that there is a vast amount of repetition in the DNA of microbes, plants and animals. Less than 3% of a human genome consists of protein-coding genes but about 50% of it consists of repetitive sequences, many of viral origin." https://lnkd.in/eABn2vx View in LinkedIn