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REPEAT SEQUENCES. "Biological chromosomes are replete with repetitive sequences, micro satellites, SSR tracts, ALU, etc. in their DNA base sequences. We started looking for similar phenomena in evolutionary computation. First studies find copious repeated sequences, which can be hierarchical decomposed into shorter sequences, in programs evolved using both homologous and two point crossover but not with headless chicken crossover or other mutations." https://lnkd.in/eABn2vx View in LinkedIn

PROGRAMMING INTRONS. "The emergence of introns in genetic programing happen as a natural consequence of the dynamics. The superfluous components provide no benefit in terms of fitness to the program but “ride along” with the subtrees they surround." http://scholar.google.es/scholar_url?url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.15.5594%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&hl=en&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm0J-z_xL5_kjwEhLP0aVOrhbAtTfA&nossl=1&oi=scholarr&ved=0ahUKEwi3wpKxxs_MAhXG2B4KHXRODt0QgAMICigBMAA View in LinkedIn

NONCODING DNA. "Biologists have discovered that there is a vast amount of repetition in the DNA of microbes, plants and animals. Less than 3% of a human genome consists of protein-coding genes but about 50% of it consists of repetitive sequences, many of viral origin." https://lnkd.in/eABn2vx View in LinkedIn

HITCHHIKING. "In genetic algorithms, a set of genes that do not benefit a genotype are said to hitchhike when they are propagated in the population by virtue of other genes in the genotype. Typically, hitchhiking is detrimental to the evolutionary process since the poorer genes that proliferate with the beneficial genes displace their competitors from the population." http://scholar.google.es/scholar_url?url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.15.5594%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&hl=en&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm0J-z_xL5_kjwEhLP0aVOrhbAtTfA&nossl=1&oi=scholarr&ved=0ahUKEwi3wpKxxs_MAhXG2B4KHXRODt0QgAMICigBMAA View in LinkedIn

UNANTICIPATED. "But rather than rating the content of the trees, as is normally done in genetic algorithms, genetic programs are graded on their behavior when run as a program. Genetic programs often acquire elegant solutions with a degree of subtlety not anticipated by the programmer." http://scholar.google.es/scholar_url?url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.15.5594%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&hl=en&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm0J-z_xL5_kjwEhLP0aVOrhbAtTfA&nossl=1&oi=scholarr&ved=0ahUKEwi3wpKxxs_MAhXG2B4KHXRODt0QgAMICigBMAA View in LinkedIn

HUB VULNERABILITY. "This makes them robust to random node failure relative to a network whose degree distribution is random, but it also creates a vulnerability to the loss of only a few hubs. Importantly, PPI networks are highly dynamic, as their constituents are often short-lived and can be modified (e.g. phosphorylation) to shift interaction preferences." (PPI = protein-protein interactions). http://www.biochemj.org/content/454/3/361?sa=X&ved=0CDkQ9QEwEWoVChMIzdjAo5n2xgIVovRyCh0HSAum View in LinkedIn

PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION (PPI). "It appears that all available PPI networks display scale free topology; this topology is surprisingly pervasive, having been previously observed in social networks and the Internet. In scale-free networks, most of the nodes have a small number of interaction partners (degree), but a small subset, the hubs, have a very large number of partners." http://www.biochemj.org/content/454/3/361?sa=X&ved=0CDkQ9QEwEWoVChMIzdjAo5n2xgIVovRyCh0HSAum View in LinkedIn

CONTEXTUAL MEANING. "It is becoming increasingly clear that only by studying proteins within the context of their interaction networks will a more complete understanding of complex cellular processes and their disease-causing malfunctions be achievable." https://lnkd.in/f3kymud View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE illustrates how molecular promiscuity in disordered regions of proteins yield unexpected plasticity and desirable traits, but also a susceptibility for diseases. We usually think of the genome as highly ordered, but protein products of genes can show considerable disorder, or viewed alternatively, structural flexibility that is less geometrically or electronically constrained. These present opportunities as well as potential problems. View in LinkedIn

GENETIC PROGRAMMING. "The researchers thought this would provide insight on more efficient circuit design, but the circuit that evolved was so bizarre they couldn't even understand how it was doing the task. Recreating the circuit on another identical system makes it fail, so apparently it relies on quirks and imperfections in the transistors to function. No human would ever design a circuit this way." https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/3d3vct View in LinkedIn