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TRANSCRIPT ANALYSIS. "To understand the role that gene duplication and gene expression diversity may play in controlling metabolic pathways, I analyzed transcript accumulation for the complete genome. This analysis includes 21,460 genes for which there are both microarray data and assigned duplication status. 12,676 genes are classified as unique." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

SOFT DRIVERS. "Now if a robot had to make a decision it was not programmed to, we would need a completely new technology by which a it can change the way it is programmed by itself. This technology too, should not be hard coded." https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn

INEVITABLE "It is only a matter of time before robots become fully autonomous. Will they be conscious at that point? Who knows? How can I be certain any creature other than myself is conscious?" https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn

SELF-AWARE BOT. "Scientists at Bielefeld University demonstrated the software they developed that gave a walking robot a simple form of consciousness (wherein it was able to overcome obstacles while traversing a course). Over the last few months, they’ve built upon this achievement, developing a software architecture based on artificial neural networks that will allow the bot to see itself as others see it; that is, programming that makes the robot self-aware." https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn

FREEDOM. "A robot may be given a problem to which we don't necessarily pre-program a specific solution and it could come up with a solution. In that case it was programmed to make _A_ decision, just not specifically a pre-determined (pre-computed) decision." https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn

FINAL OUTCOME. "All of this leads to computers that are no longer "programmed in some specific way". Instead, we are going towards computers that are taught to do something, but their behaviour is very complex and nobody really knows what are they doing." https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn

#3. BRAIN-LIKE. "Third reason is emerging field of neuromorphic. Our computers are very inefficient in comparison to brains, partially because of their architecture. There are projects to modify computer architecture to be more like the brain, which result in further loss of control of what is going on inside. IBM Unveils a ‘Brain-Like’ Chip With 4,000 Processor Cores. All of this leads to computers that are no longer "programmed in some specific way". https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn

#2. MYSTERY PACKAGES. "Second reason is machine learning. For many problems programmers just implement rough algorithm, and then drop large amount of "test cases", for computer to learn from. What is most important: programmers often do not know what are those cases, and there is often too much of them even to analyze by humans. As a result, no human knows exactly what computer learned." https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn

CHILDHOOD COOPERATION. "We have recently implemented this type of shared planning in robotic systems which can observe actions, attribute roles, and then use the resulting shared plan to perform the cooperative task, taking the role of either one of the two participants." http://www.eva.mpg.de/documents/IEEE/Lall%C3%A9e_Towards_IEEETrans_2012_1569280.pdf View in LinkedIn

#1. UNPREDICTABILITY. "First reason for this is parallelization. Even simplest programs, when run on many processor cores, start to behave in non-deterministic way. The reason for this is that different cores compute with slightly different speeds and each time the sequence of computed tasks might differ." https://lnkd.in/dWhwFiV View in LinkedIn