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ADAPTIVE AND EMERGENT. "The distinguishing feature of biomorphs is the use of simple non-linear elements stringed together to realise a control system that is highly adaptive and robust. They also exhibit adaptive, emergent behaviour and competent strategies normally impossible to replicate using conventional digital methods." http://vadakkepat.com/web/content/view/70/152/ View in LinkedIn

ROBOT TEAMS. "We must build teams of possibly heterogeneous robots that can work together to accomplish a mission that no individual robot can accomplish alone." https://lnkd.in/e3yjqqd View in LinkedIn

NEED FOR FUNCTIONAL DATA. "In the absence of functional biochemical evidence, it is difficult to classify gene expression changes between tandem duplicates as true sub-functionalization versus neo-functionalization coupled with intraspecific gene expression variation." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

TWO FUNCTIONS. "In secondary metabolic pathways where variation is required, duplicates will be maintained and evolve diverse expression patterns. In primary metabolic pathways where variation may be detrimental, this may actually select against the presence of duplicated genes and variable expression patterns." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

GRIST FOR EVOLUTION. "I suggest a model in which gene duplication provides raw material for evolution but, at least in metabolic pathways, the biology of the pathway determines the likelihood that duplicated genes are maintained and evolve altered functionality." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

DUPLICATIONS FOR VARIATION. "This work shows that the availability of gene duplications and the function of biochemical pathways interact to influence gene expression variation across a diverse array of biological and genetic factors." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

DIVERSITY FOR PROTECTION. "A potential explanation for increased genetic diversity in the aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway may be that gene expression diversity enables response to fluctuations in natural insect populations between different generations." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

OUTLIER FOR DIVERSITY. "Gene expression variation across the different accessions was distributed such that the enzymatic steps responsible for determining the final chemical structure had elevated gene expression variation, suggesting that variation in this pathway may be selected to generate structural diversity." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

DRAMATIC OUTLIER. "Pathway level transcript variation for the aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway was a dramatic outlier in both accession datasets." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn

NEW GENE FORMATION. "Within the aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway, increased transcript variation across naturally variable Arabidopsis accessions is associated with tandemly duplicated enzymes. This tempts the conclusion that these gene families are undergoing genetic sub-functionalization. However, biochemical analysis of these gene families shows that they have already undergone neo-functionalization, creating new biosynthetic activities in the duplicate enzymes." http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001838 View in LinkedIn