Category: Uncategorized

ENZYMATIC SALTATIONS. "Enzymes are erroneously considered exquisitely precise and efficient molecular catalysts. Natural enzymes are also evolvable: in other words, they can migrate through mutational trajectories to arrive at alternative catalytic activities, sometimes in unexpected saltatory fashion." https://lnkd.in/d3RnrBP View in LinkedIn

CONFLUENCE OF MANY. "Swarm Intelligence is a set of heuristic solutions inspired by animal swarm behaviors and capable to offer empirical solutions to many computationally hard problems pertaining to several disciplines." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

BOT INSECT MIMICS. "Swarm robotics is the study of robotic systems consisting of a large group of relatively small and simple robots that interact and cooperate with each other in order to jointly solve tasks that are outside their own individual capabilities." https://lnkd.in/dcd3APB View in LinkedIn

IMPACT OF FOUR TASKS. "Coordination, cooperation, evaluation and collaboration. Together, the four functions of organization produce solutions to the problems of the colony and could give the impression that the colony act as a whole, planning the work to achieve the colony’s goals." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

FOUR INSECT TASKS. "Another way to characterize social insects collective behavior consists in defining specific functions to describe insects’ tasks. It is possible to identify four main categories of functions: coordination, cooperation, evaluation and collaboration." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

SIMPLE UNITS. "The principles that underlie the interactions between insects are carried out through local information of a global model. Each insect follows a set of few rules. For example, the ants can perform, on average, approximately 20 different elementary behaviors." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

PROBABILISTIC BEHAVIOR. "A colony of social insects is quite similar to a decentralized system composed of autonomous units that are distributed in the environment, and could be described by simple probabilistic cause-effect behaviors." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

PARTIAL AND UNSUPERVISED. "We know that the individual insects do not require representation, schema, or explicit knowledge of global structure they produce. A single insect is not able to evaluate the global situation to centralize the information about the state of the entire colony and later to control the tasks that need to be made by other workers. There is no supervisor in these colonies." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

INSECT SWARM INTELLIGENCE. "(1) Individuals of the same species cooperate in the care for the young ones; (2) individuals share the reproductive division of labor, sterile individuals work for the benefit of fertile individuals; (3) an overlap of at least two generations exists, so that the offspring can help parents to carry out the tasks necessary to the life of the colony." https://lnkd.in/dTg7N-6 View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this section on the subject of the evolution of complexity. The story of enzymes was informative: culturally we have an image of an enzymes as exquisitely tailored to a very specific function, a frozen perfection of evolution; but in fact they are simply just molecules in a great tide of evolution whose forms are full of maladaptations, imprecisions, and transient forms. Great swaths of their history has been lost to the disinterested and restless actions of evolution that has obliterated 99% of her experiments. View in LinkedIn