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PHARMA INDUSTRY STATS. "In 2012 brand companies earned $156.3 Bn, and generics $52.8 Bn, or combined $209 Bn or 1.34% of the economy. There were 2707 brand companies employing 244,000 staff, and 3103 generics employing 76,000 staff. Between 2012-2017 brand will grow 0.4% and generics 6.3% in part due to the Patent Cliff and in part due to Obamacare."" "" " http://lnkd.in/dvtVN7r View in LinkedIn

GIANT SAVINGS FROM GENERICS DRUGS. "A series of studies estimated the total savings that have accrued to the U.S. health care system from substituting generic drugs for their brand-name counterparts, and found that from 1999 through 2010 doing so saved more than $1 trillion. On average, the retail price of a generic drug is 75 percent lower than the retail price of a brand-name drug."" " http://lnkd.in/d72m-_h View in LinkedIn

TECHNOLOGICAL COEVOLUTION. "Computer software and hardware can be considered as two separate components but tied intrinsically by coevolution. Similarly, operating systems and computer applications, web browsers and web applications. All of these systems depend upon each other and advance step by step through a kind of evolutionary process."" " http://lnkd.in/diE4gFr View in LinkedIn

STRESS TEST PHARMA PATENTS before filing by sending to a pharma patent litigator to throw a nuclear bomb at it and find the weaknesses. When found, patch them up to the best of your ability. All pharma patents of value will end up in court. View in LinkedIn

VIRAL WARFARE. "All viruses need to bind to specific receptor molecules on the surface of target cells to initiate infection... the virus-binding region on the receptor (is) unrelated to the receptor's normal cellular function. Resistance to virus infection can evolve by selection of mutations that alter amino acids in the binding region with minimal effect on normal function. This sort of positive selection can be used to infer the history of the host–virus “arms race” during their coevolution."" " http://lnkd.in/dfUErqx View in LinkedIn

ANALYSIS OF PARA IV LAWSUITS. A recent study analyzed over 370 court rulings since the beginning of 2000 to 2009 to determine success rates. "The authors hypothesize that, based on the incentives of the Hatch-Waxman first-to-file structure, every (pharma) patented product would be challenged."" " http://lnkd.in/dc6W3aBhttp://lnkd.in/dbyhKdY View in LinkedIn

VIRUS-HOST COEVOLUTION. "Virus-host biological interaction is a continuous coevolutionary process involving both host immune system and viral escape mechanisms. The Flaviviridae family is composed of fast-evolving RNA viruses that infects vertebrate (mammals and birds) and/or invertebrate (ticks and mosquitoes) organisms. These host groups are very distinct life forms separated by a long evolutionary time,"" " http://lnkd.in/deV83T4 View in LinkedIn

THE PHARMA PATENT CLIFF. By 2016, the pharma industry will have total patent losses of ~$150 billion." Brand pharma has exclusivity from IP and commands top pricing. When the patents expire, there is intense competition from generics to take market share. First-to-file generics get 180 day market exclusivity, at a lower price. When the exclusivity protection ends, other generics can enter the market and price erodes further. These are the dynamics of a pharma product life-cycle." " http://lnkd.in/dRzKvfa View in LinkedIn

TUMOR-HOST COEVOLUTION: "Increasing evidence indicates that tumor–stromal cell interactions have a crucial role in tumor initiation and progression. These interactions modify cellular compartments, leading to the co-evolution of tumor cells and their microenvironment."" " http://lnkd.in/dWVaC5F View in LinkedIn

PARAGRAPH IV CERTIFICATIONS are how generic companies expedite the launch of an ANDA for a generic competitor to an expiring patent of a brand drug that is bioequivalent to the innovator drug. Here is a useful primer of this complex arena. " " http://lnkd.in/ddwrqrE View in LinkedIn