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TURING MACHINES. “Such a mechanistic, bottom-up doctrine does not explain the true living nature of organisms as it ignores the top-down, context-dependent and agent-based aspects of living nature.” http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3512409/ View in LinkedIn

COMMON VIEW. “Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner argued that Turing machines have much in common with cells and living organisms; that cells and living organisms are, in fact, the best examples of Turing's and von Neumann's machines.” http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3512409/ View in LinkedIn

PRESS RESET. “Life's code script does not code itself. The machine metaphor for living organisms is outdated.” https://lnkd.in/dp43QEu View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE focuses on the idea of organisms as machines, a common idea. Günther Witzany is a well published independent author, and brings a fresh perspective on biology. The common language in biology today tends to be mechanistic, with cells as wired machines, replete with engineer-able parts that can be switched on an off. But slowly, we are realizing this is a false analogy. View in LinkedIn

VARIATION. “Mutations that provide organisms with a reproductive advantage over others (beneficial mutations) will tend to propagate to future generations. It is important to note that the fraction of beneficial mutations (among all those that can occur) is usually very small, with most mutations being deleterious and the rest neutral.” http://arxiv.org/pdf/1111.2503 View in LinkedIn

LATENT. “Some viruses also exhibit self-protective behavior, including camouflage techniques.” https://books.google.com/books?id=qErpoKjc1h4C&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=computer+virus+metabolism&source=bl&ots=NWmF_p3xqj&sig=XEfXy2VQZdbYQgBJSndUVHbkDSI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi51qLC35fLAhUBcj4KHQW-B9AQ6AEIFzAE View in LinkedIn

SPECIALIZATION. “Other viruses exhibit territorial behavior -- marking their infected domain so that others of the same type will not enter and compete with the original infection.” https://books.google.com/books?id=qErpoKjc1h4C&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=computer+virus+metabolism&source=bl&ots=NWmF_p3xqj&sig=XEfXy2VQZdbYQgBJSndUVHbkDSI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi51qLC35fLAhUBcj4KHQW-B9AQ6AEIFzAE View in LinkedIn

DEFINED NICHES. “Some viruses also exhibit predatory behavior. For instance, the DenZuk virus will seek up and overwrite its traces of the Brain virus if they are both present on the same system.” https://books.google.com/books?id=qErpoKjc1h4C&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=computer+virus+metabolism&source=bl&ots=NWmF_p3xqj&sig=XEfXy2VQZdbYQgBJSndUVHbkDSI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi51qLC35fLAhUBcj4KHQW-B9AQ6AEIFzAE View in LinkedIn