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OPEN ISSUES. “Many of the key questions of carpel evolution remain to be answered. For example, it is not known to which organ in gymnosperms the carpel is homologous. The mechanism of carpel closure and the potentially diverse mechanisms of fusion between carpels have yet to be discovered in the more highly evolved syncarpic species.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn

BISEXUAL THEORY. “This theory proposes a pair of alternative mechanisms, based on the movement of a frontier of B-function gene expression in either a basipetal or acropetal direction along male or female reproductive axes, respectively, in the pre-angiosperm lineage. As a result, the axis affected is proposed to have become bisexual, with female organs at its tip and male organs at its base. Carpels would then have evolved by the closure of megasporophylls in the apical region of the bisexual axis.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn

NUANCED ORIGINS. “Although the carpel appears to be a modified leaf, it may be more directly related to sporophylls, or leaves that carry spore-producing organs. As the carpel is female, it has traditionally been regarded as derived from megasporophylls that would have subtended ovules in the pre-angiosperm lineage. Accordingly, the carpel would be directly homologous to such gymnosperm organs as the female cone scales of conifers.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn