linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:29:41

linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:29:41

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OPEN ISSUES. “Many of the key questions of carpel evolution remain to be answered. For example, it is not known to which organ in gymnosperms the carpel is homologous. The mechanism of carpel closure and the potentially diverse mechanisms of fusion between carpels have yet to be discovered in the more highly evolved syncarpic species.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:27:38

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“DOUBLE FERTILIZATION would have been present in the ancestor of the angiosperms as in extant groups, leading to the production of an embryo and a bi-parental endosperm. However, this endosperm was most probably diploid, rather than triploid as in later-diverging groups.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:25:29

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MALE THEORY. “Conversely, the ‘Mostly Male Theory’ proposes the carpel to have been derived by the closure of (male) microsporophylls, around ovules that had developed ectopically on these. According to this view, all or most of the female-specific developmental pathways in the pre-angiosperm lineage, other than those required for ovule development, were lost during the evolution of the first angiosperms.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:23:20

linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:23:20

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BISEXUAL THEORY. “This theory proposes a pair of alternative mechanisms, based on the movement of a frontier of B-function gene expression in either a basipetal or acropetal direction along male or female reproductive axes, respectively, in the pre-angiosperm lineage. As a result, the axis affected is proposed to have become bisexual, with female organs at its tip and male organs at its base. Carpels would then have evolved by the closure of megasporophylls in the apical region of the bisexual axis.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:22:28

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FEMALE ORIGIN THEORY. “A recent molecular explanation for the origin of the bisexual axis in the flowering plants, termed the Out-of-Male/Out-of-Female Theory, is broadly consistent with this view of a female origin for the carpel.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:20:09

linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:20:09

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NUANCED ORIGINS. “Although the carpel appears to be a modified leaf, it may be more directly related to sporophylls, or leaves that carry spore-producing organs. As the carpel is female, it has traditionally been regarded as derived from megasporophylls that would have subtended ovules in the pre-angiosperm lineage. Accordingly, the carpel would be directly homologous to such gymnosperm organs as the female cone scales of conifers.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:18:04

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FROM LEAF TO CARPEL. “Carpels, along with the other principal floral organs, have for long been postulated to be modified from a leaf ground plan. Relatively recent experimental evidence supports this view: floral organs are converted to leaves in plants in which all of the A, B and C function genes, or the redundant E-function genes, are inactivated.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-05 05:55:17

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MACHINE INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE. "Humans may create human-level artificial intelligence (AI) this century. Shortly thereafter, we may see an “intelligence explosion” or “technological singularity”—a chain of events by which human-level AI leads, fairly rapidly, to intelligent systems whose capabilities far surpass those of biological humanity as a whole." https://lnkd.in/dAZH9Vg View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-03 06:37:27

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FEMALE HOUSE. “Upon fertilisation, gynoecium and ovule developmental programmes are switched to those of fruit and seed development. In Arabidopsis, fruit development is characterised by a dramatic elongation of the ovary, concomitant with the differentiation of specific tissues along the carpel margins. Unfertilised gynoecia fail to elongate and develop seeds, and will eventually undergo senescence.” https://lnkd.in/dN-h-K2 View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-05 05:53:18

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SMARTS DEFINED. “Intelligence measures an agent’s ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments. For our purposes, “intelligence” measures an agent’s capacity for efficient cross-domain optimization of the world according to the agent’s preferences.” https://lnkd.in/dAZH9Vg View in LinkedIn
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