linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:27:38

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“DOUBLE FERTILIZATION would have been present in the ancestor of the angiosperms as in extant groups, leading to the production of an embryo and a bi-parental endosperm. However, this endosperm was most probably diploid, rather than triploid as in later-diverging groups.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:25:29

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MALE THEORY. “Conversely, the ‘Mostly Male Theory’ proposes the carpel to have been derived by the closure of (male) microsporophylls, around ovules that had developed ectopically on these. According to this view, all or most of the female-specific developmental pathways in the pre-angiosperm lineage, other than those required for ovule development, were lost during the evolution of the first angiosperms.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:23:20

linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:23:20

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BISEXUAL THEORY. “This theory proposes a pair of alternative mechanisms, based on the movement of a frontier of B-function gene expression in either a basipetal or acropetal direction along male or female reproductive axes, respectively, in the pre-angiosperm lineage. As a result, the axis affected is proposed to have become bisexual, with female organs at its tip and male organs at its base. Carpels would then have evolved by the closure of megasporophylls in the apical region of the bisexual axis.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:22:28

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FEMALE ORIGIN THEORY. “A recent molecular explanation for the origin of the bisexual axis in the flowering plants, termed the Out-of-Male/Out-of-Female Theory, is broadly consistent with this view of a female origin for the carpel.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:20:09

linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:20:09

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NUANCED ORIGINS. “Although the carpel appears to be a modified leaf, it may be more directly related to sporophylls, or leaves that carry spore-producing organs. As the carpel is female, it has traditionally been regarded as derived from megasporophylls that would have subtended ovules in the pre-angiosperm lineage. Accordingly, the carpel would be directly homologous to such gymnosperm organs as the female cone scales of conifers.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-02 06:18:04

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FROM LEAF TO CARPEL. “Carpels, along with the other principal floral organs, have for long been postulated to be modified from a leaf ground plan. Relatively recent experimental evidence supports this view: floral organs are converted to leaves in plants in which all of the A, B and C function genes, or the redundant E-function genes, are inactivated.” https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/57/10/2143/471376/An-evolutionary-perspective-on-the-regulation-of View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-03 06:29:31

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OTHER ADVANTAGES. “Syncarpy also allows for the production of larger fruits, with potentially more complex and efficient seed dispersal mechanisms. Finally, a syncarpic gynoecium may require a lesser energy input for cell wall production, compared to an apocarpic gynoecium of similar size.” https://lnkd.in/dN-h-K2 View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-05 05:43:31

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BOUNDED RECURSIVE SELF-IMPROVEMENT. "Based on principles of autocatalysis, endogeny and reflectivity, the work provides an architectural blueprint for constructing systems with high levels of operational autonomy in underspecified circumstances, starting from only a small amount of designer-specified code -- a seed.” https://lnkd.in/ezNrCcA View in LinkedIn
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linkedin post 2019-11-04 07:09:43

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NO CONTROL. “We must be sober about the fact that nothing in physics prohibits very bad outcomes. But we must also be sober about the fact that nothing in physics prohibits outcomes of greater joy and harmony than our primitive monkey brains can imagine.” https://lnkd.in/dg44j-e View in LinkedIn
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