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SOLAR PARTICLES. “Typical solar proton events (SPEs) produce a fluence of about 10(9) protons cm−2 on Earth. Because the Sun was considerably more active in the past, it is highly likely that such eruptions might have occurred on the Sun more frequently. The higher energy component of these SPEs, just like Galactic cosmic rays, is capable of penetrating underground, and would have increased the flux of secondary particles in subsurface environments. A combination of particle flux along with water and nutrients might provide ideal conditions for life to originate and evolve until conditions on the surface become optimal.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

SOLAR FLARE DEBRIS. “The spatial size of a flare depends on individual events; in the smallest event the height of a flaring loop is less than 10(4) km, whereas it reaches 10(5) km in the largest event. Flares are observed in a wide range of electromagnetic waves such as radio, visible light, X- rays, and gamma rays...a flare produces high-energy particles which travel through the interplanetary space, sometimes having a severe impact on the environment of the Earth.” Wonderful review. http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/153022 View in LinkedIn

HI-ENERGY COSMIC PARTICLES. “If the solar particles are sufficiently energetic (more than 10 GeV), they can produce secondary particles capable of penetrating underground and in water, providing a small source of energy away from direct exposure to high flux of harmful UV radiation on the surface. Solar particles typically reach energies of hundreds of MeV during violent eruptions and in some cases greater than 10 GeV.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

HUGE ENERGY. “According to NASA, the energy released in a solar flare "is the equivalent of millions of 100-megaton hydrogen bombs exploding at the same time." When the energized particles exploding from solar flares race toward us, they arrive in only eight minutes.” https://lnkd.in/eD93wPS View in LinkedIn

VIOLENT EARLY EARTH. “It is believed that approximately 3.5–4 Gyr ago, when life originated on the Earth, the Sun was in a highly active phase. In this scenario, the Earth's surface was likely to be bombarded by a high flux of energetic solar particles and super coronal mass ejections. Enhanced flux of solar particles and variability in the Galactic cosmic rays flux can also enhance the rate of lightning, and provide energy to the prebiotic soup to synthesize amino acids and other organic compounds forming the building blocks of life.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

SOLAR FLARES. “Observations show that flares are one of the most explosive phenomena in the atmosphere of the Sun, releasing a huge amount of energy up to about 10(32) erg on the timescale of hours. Flares involve the heating of plasma, mass ejection, and particle acceleration that generates high-energy particles.” https://lnkd.in/e3J5CRi View in LinkedIn

LIFE MOLECULES. “Organic synthesis occurring at the polar regions of the Moon, Mercury and other silicate bodies has also been proposed. There are studies of Galactic cosmic rays-induced synthesis of organic molecules in Titan's atmosphere, production of oxidants on Europa and the possibility of an aerial biosphere on Venus. The production of O2, H2O2 and other oxidants on Europa's surface by charged particles accelerated in the Jovian magnetic field has been estimated in an earlier study.” https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2016.0459 View in LinkedIn

MAGNETIC DRIVER. “It is a promising hypothesis that the onset of solar eruptions is related to some typical magnetic structures. In fact, many studies have emphasized a relationship between the occurrence of solar eruptions and various magnetic properties, e.g., strong magnetic shear.” https://lnkd.in/e8caAHQ View in LinkedIn

VIOLENT EVENTS. “Solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the most catastrophic eruptions in our solar system, are believed to occur through a type of storage-and-release phenomenon, in which the free energy stored as a nonpotential magnetic field in the solar corona is abruptly unleashed.” https://lnkd.in/e8caAHQ View in LinkedIn

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