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MASSIVE IMPACT IN PLANTS. “In plants, circadian rhythmicity is widespread; a transcriptional circadian cycling has been reported in a range of diverse species, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana in which the clock has been well characterized. Approximately one-third of the Arabidopsis transcriptome shows circadian oscillations in abundance when in free-run conditions, indicating direct or indirect circadian control.” https://lnkd.in/dyrdvNg View in LinkedIn

OSCILLATOR HIERARCHIES. “The circadian system of mammals is composed of a hierarchy of oscillators that function at the cellular, tissue and systems levels. A common molecular mechanism underlies the cell autonomous circadian oscillator throughout the body, yet this clock system is adapted to different functional contexts.” https://lnkd.in/dBQ96E6 View in LinkedIn

HUMAN LARKS AND OWLS. “Human subjects can be divided into different chronotypes ranging from very early active “larks” to very late active individuals “owls”. These studies have revealed two unexpected, if not shocking aspects of circadian rhythmicity. First, extreme larks and owls hardly overlap with regard to their sleep-wake cycles. Second, the chronotype changes significantly during the lifetime of an individual.” http://www.smw.ch/content/smw-2014-13984/ View in LinkedIn

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IMPACT ON MAN. “Human birth rates follow a robust circadian oscillation. Thus, between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m. about 1.8-fold more babies are born than between 2 p.m. and 6 p.m.” https://lnkd.in/dP8nvcG View in LinkedIn

WHEELS WITHIN WHEELS. “One recurring theme in clock mechanism is coupled transcription-translation feedback loops. To date, the majority of plant transcription factors constituting these loops. The circadian clock is an endogenous timekeeping mechanism that enables organisms not simply to respond as they experience environmental change but, importantly, to anticipate and prepare for coming change. This ability to coordinate with the environment enhances fitness in bacteria, plants, and animals.” https://lnkd.in/dAX4kdh View in LinkedIn

CLOCK REVIEW ARTICLE. “Circadian clocks have evolved to enhance adaptive physiology in the predictable, fluctuating environment caused by the rotation of the planet....major aspects of nutrient homeostasis, including carbon assimilation and mineral uptake, are under circadian control. It is also emerging that there is feedback of nutritional status to the circadian clock to integrate these processes. https://lnkd.in/dUkZXhu View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT. “In contrast to constant dark or dim light, exposure to continuous bright light produces locomotor activity arrhythmicity and flattens circadian rhythms in glucocorticoids and body temperature, two principle outputs of the circadian system.” https://lnkd.in/dH6Ha79 View in LinkedIn

LIGHT PATHWAY. “Light is the most potent synchronizing factor for the SCN. Light information travels directly from intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells through the retinohypothalamic tract to the SCN. The SCN receives additional indirect input from intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells via the intergeniculate nucleus and input from rods and cones.” (SCN = Suprachiasmatic nucleus). https://lnkd.in/dH6Ha79 View in LinkedIn

KNOCKOUT RESTORATION. “The implantation of an SCN from wild-type mice into genetically arrhythmic Cry1/Cry2 double knockout mice restores rhythmic locomotor activity. Therefore, peripheral oscillators play only a subordinate role, if any, in establishing rest-activity cycles.” (SCN = Suprachiasmatic nucleus). http://www.smw.ch/content/smw-2014-13984/ View in LinkedIn