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WET NOSE TYPES. “Strepsirrhines, on the other hand, exhibit a partitioned respiratory and olfactory region within the nasal cavity by possessing a transverse lamina coupled by their complex ethmoturbinate system. But while the order of Primates is classified within the microsmatic group of mammals (this group shifted from an olfactory mode of existence to a visual reliance of subsistence), carnivores (classified as macrosmatic meaning their whole existence is based on smell) have the most complex and elaborate turbinate system in all of mammalia.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

COMMON LANGUAGE. "Auxin acts as a bacterial and a fungal signaling molecule, facilitating the evolution of interkingdom communication. As a consequence of the polar auxin transport in plants, auxins derived from bacteria and filamentous fungi living in the rhizosphere initiate several growth and developmental processes such as root hair initiation and tip growth, lateral root formation, and the plasticity of root system architecture." http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044/full View in LinkedIn

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SO ENDS this section on the development and evolution of the human nose. This curious hybrid organ combines smell and respiration, and was deeply affected by the evolution of bipedalism in early hominids. As a case study in the evolution of an organ over time, it is a remarkable story, and the complexity of the human nose only makes sense when both the developmental and evolutionary stories are considered. View in LinkedIn

THE NOSE UNCLASSIFIED. “Application of the evo-devo perspective provides new insight not only to the development of the nose, its complex nasal physiology and anatomy but more importantly, may explain the predisposition, direction and spread of various diseases in otorlaryngology.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

INVAGINATED ORGAN. “The development of the nose can be seen as the invagination of the olfactory organ between the two maxillae towards the anterior cranial base, with its floor being secondarily disturbed by the onset of nasal respiratory development at the expense of the oral cavity.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

HUMAN CROCODILIAN SOFT PALATE. “The soft palate has evolved from the crocodilian basihyal valve, a significant gular fold that archers across the pterygoids immediately in front of the internal choana allowing crocodilians to have efficient respiratory function during submerged aquatic conditions.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

HUMAN RESPIRATORY NOSE. “Applying the evo-devo perspective, the human respiratory nose appears as two paramedian, long axial conduits walled in on their inferior, lateral and medial sides by the rearranging of the dermal palatal bones (vomer, palatine, pterygoid, and inferior turbinate bones) between the two maxillary bones and their palatine processes.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

FIRST RESPIRATORY NOSE. “Phylogenically, the respiratory nose first appears in crocodilians. Based on paleontological data, the vomer bones are two plates of bone staying horizontal between the internal naris of early tetrapods which fused as a distinct plate located in the sagittal plane dividing the air passages of crocodilians.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn

SMELL CAME FIRST. “Phylogenically, the nose is exclusively an olfactory organ in fish, and the respiratory nose develops in crocodilians. Ontogenically, the growth and development of the olfactory nose precedes the development of the respiratory nose.” http://www.wjgnet.com/esps/DownLoadFile.aspx?Type=Digital&SubType=2&DOI=10.5319%2Fwjo.v6.i2.33&FilePath=Pub%5C10.5319%5Cv6%5Ci2%5CWJO-6-33.doc View in LinkedIn