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THIRD. "An intermediate place takes so-called graded potentials that involve the process of electrical excitation but do not evolve into full-fledged action potentials. A graded potential is an electrical signal that corresponds to the size of the stimulus." http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-08807-5_6 View in LinkedIn

SECOND. "Electrotonic potentials exponentially decrease with distance." http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-08807-5_6 View in LinkedIn

FIRST. "The action potential in plants can propagate over the entire length of the cell membrane and along the conductive bundles of tissue with constant amplitude, duration, and speed.” http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-08807-5_6 View in LinkedIn

NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN PLANTS. "Plant and animal cells and tissues share a number of ‘neural’ similarities. To name some of them, glutamate, dopamine, serotonin, and other neurotransmitters are found in plants, although their function still needs to be clarified (auxin can be identified as the plant-specific neurotransmitter for the purpose of signaling." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11229-016-1040-1 View in LinkedIn

ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM. "Rapid closure is brought about by a combination of elastic properties and biochemical/biophysical changes in the motor cells. However, unlike animal neuronal action potentials in which Na+/Ca2+ ions carry the depolarizing phase of the action potential, the rapid depolarization component of the Venus flytrap action potential is most likely brought about by the opening of rapid (R-type) anion channels since plants lack the voltage-sensitive cation channels that characterise animal excitability." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221300849X View in LinkedIn

PLANT CONDUCTION. "The immediate and rapid snapping shut of the trap is a perfect demonstration of a sensory-motor system that involves neither nerves nor muscles. It has been known for some time that the mechanism underlying the closure of the trap involves the generation of very fast electrical depolarizations in the form of action potentials by the cells of the trigger hairs which lead to the rapid closure of the trap." (Venus Fly Trap). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221300849X View in LinkedIn